ื“ื™ 3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ร‰ric Vuillard

ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง, Eric Vuillard ืขืจ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึท ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขื ื“ืก ื™ืกืงื™ื™ืคึผื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืกื™ื ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžืขืจ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ื˜ื™ื ื’ื–, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืฉื™ื. ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึธื ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื™ืกืงื™ื™ืคึผืก ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜, ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขื ื“ืก.

ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ืขืงื“ืึธื˜ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื•ืžืœื™ื™ืงื ื“ืœืขืš ืกื™ื ืขืžืึทื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืง ืคื•ื ื˜, Vuillard ื ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึทื ื˜ื™ืกืึทืคึผื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ื–ืขืื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืขื ื“ืึทื ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืฆื• ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคืึธืจืžืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•, ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขืจื’ืขืจ. ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืœื™ื™ืงื ื“ืœืขืš ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื–ื™ืš-ืžืงื™ื™ื ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื™ืคึผื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืžื•ื•ื•ืžืึทื ืฅ ...

ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ื• ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš Vuillard, ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืงืœืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื–, ืึทื•ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื•ืึธืก ืœืขืกืึธืฃ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜. ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืึทืžืึธืœ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืึธื•ื–ืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื“ืขืึทืœ, ื“ื™ ืึทื ืขืงื“ืึธื˜ืึทืœ ืึธื ืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ ืึทื– ืคึผืจืขืกื™ืคึผื™ื˜ื™ื™ืฅ ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื•ืึธื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื˜ืจืขื˜ืึทื ื– ืฆื• ืึธืคึผื–ืขืฆื  ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชื”ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผืจื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืคืจืึทื ืฅ.

Top 3 ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ร‰ric Vuillard

ื“ืขืจ ืกื“ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’

ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืจื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืจื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ, ืคืึธืœืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉ.

ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ืขืจื“ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื•ึผืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœื™ื–ืึทื ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึทื–ื™ืกื ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื ื˜ 1933 ... ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืช ืื™ื– ืึทื– ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืึท ืึทืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข, ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื ืึทืฆื™ ืจืขื–ืฉื™ื ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขืก., ืคึผืœืึทื ื“ืขืจื™ื ื’ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืึทื ืฆื™ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ...

ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจ ื’ืขืจืื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจื’ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืืงืกื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืืœืงืก ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข? ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคื™ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืข ืœืขืฆื˜ ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜? ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืืžืืœ ื“ืขื˜ืืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืืก ืžื™ืจ ืขื ื“ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืกื™ื‘ื”, ืื™ื’ื ืึธืจื™ืจืŸ, ืื™ื’ื ืึธืจื™ืจืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงื•ืงืŸ... ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื™ืึธ, ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื–ื ืขืกืœื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึธืคึผืขืœ, ืกื™ืขืžืขื ืก, ื‘ื™ื™ืขืจ, ื˜ืขืœืขืคื•ื ืงืŸ, ื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ืึท ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคื™ืจืžืขืก.

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืงื™ื•ื–ื™ื ื’ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ื•ื ื’ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. ื ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1933 ื”ืื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืขืงืื ืืžื™ืฉืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ. ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื ื“ืึทืกื˜ืจื™ืึทืœื™ืกืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ. ืžืข ืŸ ืงืข ืŸ ื–ื™ ืš ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ , ื ื– ื– ืฒ ื”ืื‘ ืŸ ื ื ืจ ื’ืขื–ืข ืŸ ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืง ืŸ ืคืืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ , ืžื™ ื˜ ืžืื’ื ืื˜ื™ื– ื ืคื ืจ ื“ืข ืจ ืคืืœืง , ืื• ืŸ ืžื™ ื˜ ืจืขื˜ืืจื™ืง ืข ืื• ืŸ ืคืขืื™ืงืฒื˜ , ืฆ ื• ืคืืจื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืŸ ื“ ื™ ืขืงืื ืืžื™ืฉ ืข ืœืื’ ืข ืคื• ืŸ ื ื“ืฒื˜ืฉืœืื ื“ , ืฐื ืก ื”ื ื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืข ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื– ื˜ ืžื™ ื˜ ื“ืข ื ืคืื˜ืขื ืฆื™ืืœ ืŸ ืคื• ืŸ ืืฒืจืืคืขืื™ืฉ ืŸ ืžืื˜ืืจ .

ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜-ืึทื–ื•ื™-ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึธื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึท ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืœืึทื ื“, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืคืœื”. ืื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœ ืึทืกืคึผืขืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืคืึทืงื˜ ืึทื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ, ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ.

ื“ ื™ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ ืŸ ื–ืขื ืข ืŸ ืืฐืข ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฒื’ื˜ , ื ื– ื–ืฒืขืจ ืข ืขืงืื ืืžื™ืฉ ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืข ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ . ื“ ื™ ืžืืฉื™ื ืข ืจ ืคื• ืŸ ื ืืฆื™ ื ื”ื ื˜ ื–ื™ ืš ื’ืขืงืจืื’ ืŸ ืคื• ืŸ ื™ืขื  ืข ื˜ืข ื’ ืคื• ืŸ ืคืขื‘ืจื•ื ืจ 1933 . ืืœ ืฅ ื”ื ื˜ ื–ื™ ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœ ื˜ ืžื™ ื˜ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจ . ื“ ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืข ืŸ ืื™ ื– ื’ืขืฐืืจืค ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ . ื“ื™ ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื™ื™ื‘ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืฆืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืœื™ื“ื–ืฉื“ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืกืฆืขื ืข ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ...

ื“ืขืจ ืกื“ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’, ื•ื•ื•ื™ืœืึทืจื“

ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจืขื

ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœืœื™, ืึทืœืข ืงืึธื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื– ืคื™ื•ืึทืœื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื”ื•ื™ืš ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืกืคืขืจืขืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืกืขืœื™ื ื’ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืงืึทื ืคืจืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืœืขื“ื–ืฉื“ ืงืœืืกืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืขืจื– ืคึผื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื“ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืœื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจื ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื ื•ืฅ ื ืึธืš ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข.

ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืจืืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืจืึทืจืขืœื™ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืจืึทื ื’ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืกื™ื ื›ืขืจืึทื˜ื™ื“. ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืฉืœืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ... ื™ืึธืจ 1524: ืคึผื•ื™ืขืจื™ื ืจืขื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื ื“ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“. ื“ืข ืจ ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืื  ื“ ื”ื ื˜ ื–ื™ ืš ืคืืจืฉืคืจืฒ ื˜ ืื• ืŸ ื’ื™ืš , ื”ื ื˜ ื–ื™ ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืข ืŸ ืื ื”ืขื ื’ืข ืจ ืื™ ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฅ ืื• ืŸ ืขืœื–ืืก .

ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืึทืึธืก, ืึท ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ื“ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ืึทืœืึธื•ื“ื–ืฉื™ืึทืŸ, ืึท ื™ื•ื ื’ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคื™ื™ืฅ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื ืกืขืจื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืฅ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– Thomas Mรผntzer. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทื ื˜ื™ืฉ. ื˜ืจืึธืฅ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื’ื™ืฉ ืกื•ืฃ, ืขื ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจืก, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ื–ืขืจื•ื•ื“ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ื–ืขืจื•ื•ื“ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ. ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ Goncourt ร‰ric Vuillard ืึทื•ื•ืึธืจื“ ืฆื• ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืฆื˜ืขืคึผืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜.

ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ืึธืก, ื•ื•ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื™ืฃ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืœ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ื“ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืกืขื ื˜ืฉืขืจื™ื– ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืึทืŸ ื”ื•ืก, ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ืึท ืจื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืึทื ืงื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ - ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ ืจื™ื˜ืฉืึทื– ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ -, ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืœื™ื“ื–ืฉื“. , ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทื ืึทืžื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉ ื™ื ืกื™ืกื™ื•ื•ืœื™ ื˜ืฉืึทืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืึทืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืขื’: ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืกื™ื ืขืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“, ื™ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜ ื™ืงื•ื•ืึทืœืึทื˜ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, ื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจ: ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ื™ืฉื˜? ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื™ืงื•ื•ืึทืœืึทื˜ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“?

ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจืขื

ื“ื™ ืฉืœืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื‘

ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืึทืžื˜ืขืจ ืึทืงืึทื•ื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ืกืึทืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ื•ื•ืึธื’ ืฆืขื‘ืจืื›ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ืœื–ื•ืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ืžื– ืงืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคืึธืœืง ื™ืžื‘ืึทื“ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ื Vuillard ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืงืึทืžื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ื–ืขืื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืคึผืึธื•ื–ืึทื“ืœื™ ืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ื˜ืึทืžืึทื˜ ื–ืขืื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ื˜ืจืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ืžืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื–ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ืขื.

ื“ืขืจ ืงืื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืืคืข ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื 20ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ืืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืืจืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืื•ืจื–ืื›ืŸ ื–ืขืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืก. ืขืก ื˜ืจื™ื’ืขืจื“ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืขืžืคึผื™ื™ืขืจื–, ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืจืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ืคึผืจืขืกื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื“ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื‘ืึธื“. ืึทืœืข ื“ืขื ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืจืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ื•ืขืจ ืฉืึทืฅ ...

ร‰ric Vuillard, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ, ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืึทืœ ื•ื•ืขื’, ื˜ืฉื•ื–ื™ื– ืึทื ืคึผืึทื‘ืœื™ืฉื˜ ืคึผืขืจืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืขืคึผื™ืกืึธื•ื“ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ 1914 ืฆื• 1918 ื‘ืœื™ื™ื“ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข ืฆื• ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ืฆื• ืคืึธืงื•ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืจืึทื“ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืึธ ื‘ืึทืคืึทืœืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ืขื’ื™ืขืก. ื“ื™ ื™ื ืขืงืกืขืจืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืึทืœื™ื™ืึทื ืกืึทื–, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ "ื•ื•ืึธืจืœื™ื™ืง" ื˜ื™ื ื’ืงืขืจื– ื•ื•ื™ Schlieffen, Clausevitz ืื•ืŸ Carnot, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืœืœืึทืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืขืจื“ืขืจ. ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข, ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืื ื’ืขื ืข, ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื•ื˜ืึทืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืึทืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจ. ืืคึฟืฉืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆืขืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธืœ ืึทืœืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขื ืœืขืš.

ื“ื™ ืฉืœืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื‘
5/5 - (13 ื•ื•ืึธื•ืฅ)

1 ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ "ื“ื™ 3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ร‰ric Vuillard"

ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’

ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืงื™ืกืžืขื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื. ืœืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜.