Ngikhumbula umthelela wokungenelela kwe Noam Chomsky ekungqubuzaneni kwamanje nesifunda saseCatalonia. Ngaphezu kwanoma yini, ngoba uhlale ulindele kongqondongqondo ukungenelela okulinganiselwe, okuzolile, ukuhlaziya amaqiniso kanye nengqikithi. Kodwa-ke, kulinga kakhulu kulezi zinsuku ukwamukela imfudumalo okuthiwa i-libertarian, noma ngabe ifihla isifiso sobugovu esisodwa ...
Ngoba ukuba isihlukanisi seCatalan kuthengiswa njengesizathu esilula emhlabeni ophucukile. Kungaba yi ukubuyisana kwezono eziningi kakhulu lapho kubhekene nokukhubazeka kwangempela kwamalungelo ayisisekelo; ukunganakwa okungapheli kwezenhlalo nezombusazwe kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba; Ukwesula emsebenzini kunentshisekelo yamabhalansi asemqoka…. Ubushoshovu beSalon.
Futhi-ke, ngubani omunye ongaphansi (phakathi kwenqwaba yabantu okuthiwa bangama-leftist, kodwa onemali ngempela kulokhu, kwesinye isikhathi, umhlaba wokukhohlisa), akhotha amanxeba abo amanga ngokuzibonakalisa beqinile ngezimbangela ezingezona ngempela nezinamahloni zonke izimbangela zamanga-zokuguqula kukhona.
Futhi-ke kufika umfana onjengoJosé Mújica, owayengumongameli wase-Uruguay, ehlukanisiwe ngempela nakho konke okubandakanya ukuzenza olungile nokuba sivivi. oshiye inguquko abangamanga. Yebo, uJosé Mújica ushiya intatheli esemsebenzini esiteshini esaziwa kakhulu sesiCatalan sokusekela ukwehlukana ingakwazi ukukhuluma futhi uyitshela ukuthi inhlangano yenkululeko yamaCatalan imane iwubugovu. Futhi ukuthi ukunyakaza akuyona into yentando yeningi.
Kepha woza, ukugxeka eceleni, akunakushaywa indiva ukuthi ukuma kukaChomsky ngokuziphatha kulolu daba kuyindlela nje engamathuba sonke esingayisebenzisa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, lapho kungekho zimbangela ezithile zangempela zokubandakanya imigomo yethu yokuziphatha.
Sika eceleni, khona-ke kukhona umsebenzi wakhe, i-bibliography ebanzi kakhulu, ezikhathini eziningi, isinika umbono ocebisayo wekusasa lezinsuku zethu. Futhi yebo, kuvela ukuthi ungumbhali oncomekayo ngokuphelele kweyakhe ukuziqhenya eduze kombono obucayi ngisho nefilosofi.
Izincwadi Ezinconyelwe ezi-3 eziphezulu nguNoam Chomsky
Imfundo yesimanje (un)
Ngaya kule ncwadi ngigqugquzelwa okunye ukufundwa okufanayo okukhomba uhlelo lwezemfundo njengomdlavuza, ngokunembile, iningi labafundi abanesiphiwo nabanobuchule. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi abanye bayafika, bafunde, bathole iziqu futhi babe amadoda awusizo.
Umbuzo yilabo abawela endleleni. Uma ngingenza izibalo ze-IQ ngaphandle kweziqu, ikakhulukazi emazingeni okuqala lapho bebancane khona, ngokuqinisekile singamangala. Kumayelana nesiphithiphithi sokuhlela kuze kufike ephuzwini lokujabula, lokuhlela kuze kufike ezingeni lokuzithokozisa. Bese kuthi-ke labo abamisa uhlelo bahlale bezolile, njengalapho beya endlini yokugezela, ngaphandle kokucabangela ezinye izici eziningi ezifanele ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukufunda, okungangabazeki okuyintando ebalulekile yokufunda nokugqugquzelwa njengamandla okushayela okuwenza kusebenze.
Ngaphandle kokungena kulezi zici ezibaluliwe, u-Chomsky ugcizelela esinye isici esibalulekile, ukugqugquzelwa kokugxeka, ukwethulwa kwalowo mbono wobuhlakani womuntu osemusha ozimisele ukucabanga kabusha yonke into. Ayikho inkolelo-mbono yokuthi umfana ongahlaliseki ufuna ukucabanga ngoba nje. Futhi lowo umthwalo omkhulu. UNoam Chomsky waziwa emhlabeni wonke njengomunye wongqondongqondo nabafundisi abakhulu bekhulu lama-20. Futhi nokho, kuze kube manje, imibhalo yakhe mayelana nemfundo kanye nokufundiswa kabi kwezakhamuzi yayingakaqoqwa kunoma iyiphi incwadi. Kulokhu, isazi sezilimi esikhulu saseMelika sigxeka kabuhlungu uhlelo lwethu lwamanje lwezemfundo.
Ubhekene nomqondo wokuthi izindinganiso zentando yeningi ziyafundiswa ezikoleni zethu, okukhona ngempela imodeli yokufundisa yamakholoni eyenzelwe ngokuyinhloko ukuqeqesha othisha abanobungcweti obuncane futhi buthathelwa indawo yinkambiso yezinqubo namasu; imodeli evimbela ukucabanga okubucayi nokuzimela, engavumeli ukucabanga ngalokho okufihliwe ngemuva kwezincazelo nokuthi, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kulungiswa lezi zincazelo njengezona kuphela ezingenzeka. Othisha abavamile ukucela abafundi ukuthi bahlaziye izinhlaka zepolitiki nezenhlalo ezazisa izimpilo zabo. Abafundi abavamile ukunxuswa ukuba bazitholele iqiniso.
Kule ncwadi, uChomsky usinikeza amathuluzi amahle kakhulu wokuqeda lolu hlobo lokufundisa olwenzelwe ukuhlaliswa kwezakhamizi: uma othisha benqaba ukuqeqeshwa kobuchwepheshe okubenza babe ngongqondongqondo beqiniso abalahla ubuzenzisi, ukungabi nabulungisa kwezenhlalo nosizi lwabantu, yenza abafundi bathathe inselelo yokwandisa amazwibela wentando yeningi kanye nokuba yizakhamizi futhi, ngokubambisana nabo, bazosebenzela ukwakha izwe elinokubandlulula, elintando yeningi, elingenabuntu futhi elinobulungiswa.
Ubani obusa umhlaba?
Kubukeka kungakholeki ukuthi iningi lethu liyazi, linembile noma okungenani liyangabaza futhi, kunalokho, igumbi elincane lokuhamba esinalo. Kufana neBig Brother, kusuka Orwell noma umhlaba ojabulayo we UHuxley, izwe elisha, iqiniso elisha, noma manje elibizwa ngokuthi, ngemva kweqiniso. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi u-Chomsky uhlolisisa kangakanani enhliziyweni yendaba, ukuvuka kubonakala kuwumsebenzi ongenakwenzeka.
Umbono owesabekayo wabantu bomhlaba wonke, obumbene ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, ungase uphakame ufuna ubulungiswa bezenhlalakahle kufanele ukuthi wesabe kakhulu kwabanamandla kangangokuthi bazithathela wona ukuthulisa izwi. Ekuhlaziyeni okujulile nangobuqotho kwesimo samanje samazwe ngamazwe, u-Chomsky uthi i-United States, ngezinqubomgomo zayo ezivame kakhulu ezempi kanye nokuzinikela kwayo okungenamkhawulo ekugcineni umbuso womhlaba wonke, ibeka engcupheni inhlekelele engacekela phansi impahla evamile yomhlaba.
Ukudweba ngezibonelo ezahlukahlukene, kusuka kuhlelo olwandayo lokubulawa kwe-drone kuya ekusongelweni kwempi yenuzi, kuya ezindaweni ezidonswa kakhulu ezimelwe izingxabano e-Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan nase-Israel-Palestine, uChomsky unikeza ukuqonda okungalindelekile futhi kulayishwe ama-nuances mayelana nokusebenza yamandla ombuso kwiplanethi eqhubeka iba nezinxushunxushu.
Ngokudlula, umbhali uhlinzeka ngocwaningo oluhle lokuthi izikhulu zaseMelika ziye zaziqinisa kanjani kunoma iyiphi imingcele intando yeningi efuna ukuyibeka emandleni abo. Njengoba iningi labantu liqhutshwa ukunganaki - okuchezukiselwe ekusebenziseni abathengi noma ekuzondeni labo abasengozini - izinkampani kanye nabacebile baya ngokuya bavunyelwa ukuba benze umathanda.
Ukwakhiwa kolimi
Ithuluzi, isikhali, isiteshi sokuxhumana kanye nomsindo. Indlela yethu ebalulekile yokudlulisa imibono, imizwa, imiqondo, izindlela, izindaba kanye nezinye iziqalo zobuhlakani ezenziwe zaba izenzo, nayo inokucutshungulwa kwayo kwemetaphysical ngokombono we-metalnguistic. Ngoba lokho esihlose ukukukhuluma singakunikeza kufihlwe ngaphansi kwesikushoyo. Noma, ngokuphambene nalokho, singadalula inhloso yeqiniso engakaze ihloswe ukuba yenziwe ibe sobala. Okubalulekile uhlelo lolimi.
Kodwa ngisho nasesihlokweni esilula esicwaninga amagama kanye nendlela yokudala imisho, sesivele sinikeza imininingwane mayelana nenhloso yolimi, ngisho nasembonweni walo wendawo. Izilimi zidalwe ngokususelwa ku-idiosyncrasies yabantu bazo. Futhi uChomsky unikeza i-akhawunti enhle ngakho konke lokhu encwadini ehlakaniphile mayelana nezindlela zethu zokuxhumana empeleni.
Indlela yakhe yokufunda izilimi ibizwa ngokuthi "uhlelo lolimi lokukhiqiza" futhi kuguqule ukuqonda kwethu izilimi zabantu kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokuqonda. Kule ncwadi uChomsky ucabanga ngomlando wale "grammar" futhi uhlanganisa imibuzo yefilosofi kanye nemiqondo nophenyo olunamandla.
Isitayela esinempilo nesiyengayo uChomsky anconywa ngaso siyathuthukiswa engxoxweni yokugcina ebamba iqhaza kakhulu nosolwazi abahlonishwayo baseyunivesithi, abandakanya izilimi, ukutholwa kolimi, ithiyori yolimi nengqondo. Ezimpendulweni zakhe ezivulekile zemibuzo ehlukahlukene, uChomsky ulwa nemibuzo eyisisekelo yesimo somuntu. Ngakho-ke, le ncwadi izothakasela izazi zezilimi eziqeqeshiwe kanye nomphakathi wonkana.
Amazwana ama-4 kokuthi "Izincwadi ezi-3 ezihamba phambili zikaNoam Chomsky"