Yilento iyiyo. Imeko yomntu inako ukujijeka, ukugqwesa kunye nokujongela phantsi nakuphi na okufanelekileyo okubekwe phambi kwayo. Kuba uya kundixelela ukuba yintoni engalunganga, kwasekuqaleni, ngenkqubo yezopolitiko efana nobukomanisi obukhomba nje ukulingana, impatho phakathi kwabalinganayo ngaphandle kodidi okanye imeko. i-utopia ye Marx kunye nokuvuka okungokomfuziselo kobuninzi bebali lika George Orwell...
Kodwa kwathi kanti ubukomanisi babuchasene noko. Njengoko uDef Con Dos wahlabelela emva kweminyaka engamashumi asithoba "Kodwa ngubani owaguqulela iintetho zikaLenin?" Ukusuka kumazwi akhe ane-acidic walatha kwinguqulelo yasimahla kaStalin awathi ekugqibeleni wayenza yobukomanisi: ukuqokelela, ubuzwilakhe kunye nobuzwilakhe.
Siya kuba singenaso isisombululo kuba isisombululo, ubungxowankulu obungalawulekiyo, ukuba inkululeko yenkululeko ithwele izilogeni ezingenanto ezifanayo ezaziboniswa bukomanisi. Iingcamango ezibubuxoki kunye nemibutho yokuphila kakuhle eqala kubantu abagqwesileyo bobuxoki kunye nomahluko okhulayo ophawulekayo phakathi kweeklasi zezinhanha kunye nabasebenzi basesitratweni.
Kodwa hey, mandingene emdiliyeni. Namhlanje lixesha lokuba sithethe ngobukomanisi benziwe ukulinganisa, obugunyaziswe ngabathungi abanakho ukunxibisa ubuzwilakhe ngendlela enobubele, amazwe angakhathaliyo ukwenzela abemi bakowabo. Kwaye u-Anna Applebaum uyazi kakhulu malunga nayo yonke le nto, esalatha kwezo ntsalela zobukomanisi obumangalisayo, njengoko nditshoyo, akukho nto yakwenza nethiyori, ethi nanamhlanje ilawula phakathi kweRussia, iTshayina kunye nomda osasazekileyo osempuma apho nanamhlanje umkhusane wentsimbi ubonakala. ukuma ukuba ngamanye amaxesha isoyikisa ukuwela kuthi sonke ngohlobo lweMfazwe Yehlabathi III.
Iincwadi ezi-3 eziPhakamileyo eziCetyisiweyo ngu-Anne Applebaum
Gulag: Imbali yeenkampu zoxinaniso zaseSoviet
Ukuchasa kuhlala kungalunganga. Kwaye ukusasazwa kwemfundiso yakhe akwenzi nto kodwa kuxhokonxa abantu ekufuneka bayifake ngaphakathi imigaqo yolawulo olugqibelele njengobukomanisi. Kuba phantsi kobukomanisi, uluntu lwalatha kumbono wempumelelo, ukulingana nobuzalwana obungazange buphunyezwe yiyo nayiphi na enye inkqubo.
El gulag ibonakala kwingqondo yaseNtshona ngo-1977 ngokupapashwa komsebenzi we Alexander Solzhenitsyn Ichwebakazi gulag. Ngokusekwe kwizifundo ezitsha, iimemori ezipapashwe emva kokuwa kwe-USSR kunye neefayile eziyimfihlo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, u-Anne Applebaum wenza ulwakhiwo ngokutsha lwembali yemvelaphi kunye nendaleko yeenkampu zoxinaniso zaseSoviet ezibuyisela esi siganeko sibi kunye nesingenakulibaleka embindini wembali yoqhwithela. kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini yokuxhuzula. Ngeenkcukacha nangokuchaneka sibona ubomi bemihla ngemihla enkampini: ukuzenzakalisa ukuphepha ukusebenza ngenkani, imitshato phakathi kwamabanjwa, ubomi babasetyhini nabantwana, uvukelo kunye neenzame zokubaleka.
Incwadi, ebhaliweyo kwaye engqongqo, iqinisekisa ukuba gulag Ayizalwanga nje ngenxa yesidingo sokubeka bucala izinto ezithi iQela lamaKomanisi lizithathe njengeentshaba, kodwa nokufumana, kwangaxeshanye, inkitha yabasebenzi abangamakhoboka ababeza kusebenza ngokutshintshiselana ngokutya kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu ezinje ngeWhite. Umjelo woLwandle okanye imigodi esuka eKolyma. Emva kokuchaza ukoyikeka okuququzelelwe ngurhulumente weSoviet, le ncwadi ibalisa ngendlela uGorbachev, nosapho lwakhe olwachatshazelwa ngokuthe ngqo ngulo mgaqo-nkqubo wengcinezelo, wagqiba ekubeni aphelise olu lawulo lwentolongo ngokukhulula abemi kwezona nkqubo zigqwethekileyo nezikhohlakeleyo ezaziwa lihlabathi. .
Ubumnyama beDemokhrasi: Ukuhendwa kweAthoritarianism
Ukungathembeki kuchaphazela umhlaba ngakumbi kunangaphambili ngoku. Kuba ukongeza kuloo mbono ilusizi yekamva, yonke into ineyelenqe lokusenza sibe mandundu kwizikhundla zethu. Ukhangelo lwe-Intanethi kunye neenethiwekhi zentlalo ezihambelana nelizwe esifuna ukulibona… indawo egqibeleleyo yokufuya ukuze unikezele kwiimbono zakudala ezingaqhelekanga zombala omnye okanye omnye. Lixesha lokuwola into; bambelela kweso sikhonkwane sivuthayo esisinika ukukhanya okukwaziyo ukusimfamekisa ngokucace. Logama nje uzivumela ukuba uhambe, ubeke ecaleni eyona ngqiqo incinci igxekayo, ungazinikezela kowona nobangela ungalindelekanga.
Iidemokhrasi zenkululeko zaseNtshona ziphantsi kongqingo kunye nokunyuka kwe ubuzwilakhe Ngumbandela omele usichaphazele sonke. Ngobumnyama beDemokhrasi, u-Anne Applebaum -umvuzo we-pulitzer kunye nomnye wababhali-mbali bokuqala ukulumkisa malunga notyekelo oluyingozi ongenademokhrasi eNtshona - ngokucacileyo nangokufutshane iveza imigibe ye ubuzwe kunye ne-autocracy kwaye ichaza isizathu iinkqubo zopolitiko ngemiyalezo elula kunye nengqongqo inomtsalane kakhulu.
Los iinkokeli ezicinezelayo abangeni bodwa ekulawuleni, kodwa bakwenza oko bexhaswa ngamahlakani abo ezopolitiko, umkhosi wabalawuli kunye namajelo eendaba abavulela indlela kunye nokuxhasa igunya labo. Ukongeza, amaqela esizwe kunye namagunya alawulayo afumana ukubaluleka kwi iidemokhrasi zenkululeko banikela amathemba ayingenelo kuphela kubaxhasi babo, okubenza banyukele kwindawo ephakamileyo engenakuthelekiswa nanto yobutyebi namandla.
Ukulandela ekhondweni UJulien benda y UHannah Arendt, I-Applebaum ibonisa abakhuseli abatsha beengcamango ezingekho mthethweni ezivela kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye igxeka indlela elite elitsha lolawulo olusebenzisa ngayo Ithiyori zelenqe, la iPolarization yezopolitiko, ukufikelela okoyikekayo kwiinethiwekhi zentlalo, kunye nemvakalelo yokunqwenela ukutshabalalisa yonke into kwaye sichaze umbono wethu wesizwe.
Iidemokhrasi zanamhlanje zasentshona ziphantsi kongqingo kwaye ukunyuka kolawulo-melo ngumba ofanele ukusikhathaza sonke. Vula Ukuwohloka kwedemokhrasi, U-Anne Applebaum (ophumelele iBhaso likaPulitzer kunye nomnye wababhali-mbali bokuqala ukulumkisa ngeendlela eziyingozi zokuchasana nedemokhrasi eNtshona) ngokucacileyo nangokufutshane utyhila imigibe yobuzwe kunye ne-autocracy. Kwesi sincoko singaqhelekanga, uchaza ukuba kutheni iinkqubo ezinemiyalezo elula nengqongqo zinomtsalane.
Iinkokeli ezingoozwilakhe azizi kulawulo zodwa; Bakwenza oko bexhaswa ngamahlakani ezopolitiko, imikhosi yabalawuli kunye namajelo eendaba abavulela indlela kunye nokuxhasa izigunyaziso zabo. Ngokunjalo, amaqela esizwe kunye namagunya alawulayo afumana ukufaneleka kwiidemokhrasi zanamhlanje anika iimbono ezinceda ngokukodwa abalandeli bawo, okubavumela ukuba bafikelele kumanqanaba angenakulinganiswa obutyebi namandla.
Ukulandela emanyathelweni kaJulien Benda kunye noHannah Arendt, i-Applebaum ibonisa abakhuseli abatsha beengcamango ezingekho mthethweni kwaye igxeka indlela aba bantu banegunya lokusebenzisa iithiyori zeyelenqe, ukucalucalulwa kwezopolitiko, ukufikelela okoyikisayo kwiinethiwekhi zentlalo kunye nemvakalelo yokungafuni ukutshabalalisa yonke into kunye nokuchaza ngokutsha. umbono wethu wesizwe.
Ufundo olubhalwe ngobuchule, olungxamisekileyo noluyimfuneko, Ukuwohloka kwedemokhrasi lucazululo olucace gca lwenyikima eshukumisa ihlabathi kunye nokhuselo olushushu lwemilinganiselo yedemokhrasi.
I-Iron Curtain: Ukutshatyalaliswa kweMpuma Yurophu ngo-1944-1956
Sonke sinoluvo lokuba iNtshona isondla i-monster phantsi kwengcamango yokuba ayinakho nokwenza ngathi iyasiqwenga kwimeko yayo ye-Monster. Namhlanje uPutin uvusa imimoya emidala yeemfazwe ezibandayo ezinazo iidosi zazo zokujongana ngesandla. Kwaye i-monster ifuna konke. UPutin ulungele nantoni na, nokuba uhambisa ikhethini yentsimbi de igubungele yonke iYurophu. Kuloo mgubo olu daka. Masithathe umbono wokugxila kwinto ekufuneka siphile nayo namhlanje nale Russia ilawulwa ziindlalifa ze-USSR.
Ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iSoviet Union yayilawula ummandla omkhulu eMpuma Yurophu. U-Stalin kunye namapolisa akhe ayimfihlo baguqulela amazwe alishumi elinambini ahluke ngokupheleleyo kwinkqubo entsha yezopolitiko kunye neyokuziphatha: ubukomanisi.
Umbhali-mbali u-Anne Applebaum (ophumelele iBhaso lePulitzer leGulag) unikezela kula maphepha umsebenzi oqinisekileyo malunga nendlela eyabakho ngayo i-Iron Curtain kunye nokuba babunjani ubomi kwelinye icala. I-Applebaum ichaza ngeenkcukacha ezoyikisayo ukuba amaqela ezopolitiko, iCawa, abeendaba, imibutho yolutsha, ngokufutshane, onke amaziko oluntu, achithwa ngokukhawuleza. Ichaza indlela abecuphi ababelungelelaniswe ngayo nendlela zonke iintlobo zenkcaso ezahlaselwa ngayo zaza zatshatyalaliswa ngayo. Ngenxa yoko, ngexeshana elifutshane ngokumangalisayo, iMpuma Yurophu yamiselwa ngokupheleleyo. Ukususela kumaxwebhu angenakufikeleleka kude kube kutshanje kunye nemithombo engaziwayo eNtshona, i-Applebaum ilandela amaqhinga ama-communist endleleni yabo yokuya kumandla, izisongelo, ukuxhatshazwa kunye nokubulala. Ikwabalisa amabali ngamanye ukubonisa iindlela onokukhetha kuzo eziye zaboniswa ebantwini: ukulwa, ukubhabha okanye ukusebenzisana.
Umkhusane wentsimbi Libali elimangalisayo lexesha elikhohlakeleyo kunye nesikhumbuzo esixhalabisayo sendlela elubuthathaka ngayo uluntu olukhululekileyo. Namhlanje i-bloc yaseSoviet yimpucuko elahlekileyo, inkohlakalo yayo, i-paranoia, ukuziphatha okugwenxa kunye ne-aesthetics engaqhelekanga ilawula ukubamba i-Applebaun kumaphepha athakazelisayo ale ncwadi.
