Kunjalo nje. Isimo somuntu siyakwazi ukusonta, ukuguqula kanye nokubukela phansi noma yikuphi okuhle okubekwa phambi kwaso. Ngoba uzongitshela ukuthi yini okungenzeka ukuthi ayilungile, zisuka nje, ngohlelo lwezepolitiki olufana nobukhomanisi obukhomba nje ukulingana, ukuphathwa phakathi kwabantu abalinganayo ngaphandle kwesigaba noma isimo. i-utopia ye I-Marx kanye nokuvuka okungokomfanekiso kokuningi kokulandisa kwe George Orwell...
Kodwa kwavela ukuthi ubukhomanisi babuphambene nje. Njengoba uDef Con Dos ehlabelela emuva eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye "Kodwa ubani owahumusha izinkulumo zikaLenin?" Kusukela emazwini akhe ane-acidic ukhomba ekuhumusheni kwamahhala kukaStalin agcina ekwenzile kobukhomanisi: iqoqo, ubushiqela kanye nobushiqela.
Kuyoba ukuthi asinaso isixazululo ngoba isixazululo, ubunxiwankulu obungalawuleki, ukuthi inkululeko egcwele iziqubulo ezingenalutho ezifanayo nalezo ezavezwa wubukhomanisi. Imibono engamanga kanye nemiphakathi yenhlalakahle-mbumbulu eqala kubantu abahlonishwayo abangamanga kanye nomehluko obonakala ngokukhula phakathi kwezigaba ezicebile nezisebenzi zasemgwaqweni.
Kodwa hey, ake ngingene emvinini. Namuhla sekuyisikhathi sokukhuluma ngalobo bukhomanisi bokuzenzela, obujutshwe kubasiki bengqephu abakwazi ukugqokisa ubushiqela bezizwe ezikhululekile, ezikhululekile ezizweni zabo. Futhi u-Anna Applebaum wazi okuningi ngakho konke lokhu, ekhomba kuleyo nsalela yobuKhomanisi obumangalisayo, njengoba ngisho, akukho okuhlanganisa nethiyori, okuyinto nanamuhla ebusa phakathi kweRussia, iShayina kanye nomngcele osempumalanga ohlakazekile lapho nanamuhla kubonakala ikhethini lensimbi. ukuma lokho ngezinye izikhathi okusongela ukuwela phezu kwethu sonke ngendlela yeMpi Yezwe Yesithathu.
Izincwadi Eziphezulu Ezi-3 Ezinconyiwe ngu-Anne Applebaum
UGulag: Umlando wamakamu okuhlushwa aseSoviet
Ukungavumelani kuhlale kungalungile. Futhi ukusabalalisa imfundiso yakhe akwenzi lutho ngaphandle kokuvusa abantu okufanele bafake ngaphakathi kwezimiso zombuso ophelele njengobukhomanisi. Ngoba ngaphansi kwesambulela sobukhomanisi, umphakathi ukhomba umbono wokuchuma, ukulingana kanye nobuzalwane obungakaze bufinyelelwe yinoma iyiphi enye inhlelo.
El gulag livela kokwazi of the West ngo-1977 ngokushicilelwa umsebenzi Alexander Solzhenitsyn I-Archipelago gulag. Ngokusekelwe ezifundweni ezintsha, izinkumbulo ezishicilelwe ngemva kokuwa kwe-USSR kanye namanye amafayela ayimfihlo kuze kube manje, u-Anne Applebaum wenza ukwakhiwa kabusha okungokomlando kwemvelaphi nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamakamu okuhlushwa aseSoviet okubuyisela lesi siqephu esingesihle nesingenakulibaleka enkabeni yomlando onesivunguvungu. ikhulu lamashumi amabili lokudlikizela. Ngemininingwane nangokunemba sibona impilo yansuku zonke ekamu: ukuzilimaza ukuze ugweme ukusebenza ngempoqo, imishado phakathi kweziboshwa, impilo yabesifazane nezingane, ukuvukela umbuso kanye nemizamo yokubalekela.
Incwadi, ebhaliwe futhi eqinile, igcizelela ukuthi gulag Ayizalwanga nje kuphela ngenxa yesidingo sokuhlukanisa izici iQembu LamaKhomanisi elalizibheka njengezitha, kodwa futhi nokuthola, ngesikhathi esifanayo, inqwaba yezisebenzi eziyizigqila ezazizosebenza ngokuhwebelana ngokudla ezinhlelweni ezinkulu ezifana neWhite. I-Sea Canal noma izimayini ezivela e-Kolyma. Ngemva kokuchaza ukwesabeka okuhlelwe umbuso wamaSoviet, le ncwadi ilandisa ngendlela uGorbachev, umndeni wakhe owathinteka ngokuqondile yilo mgomo wengcindezelo, anquma ukuqeda lo mbuso wamajele ngokukhulula izakhamuzi kwesinye sezinhlelo zengcindezelo ezikhohlakele nezinonya emhlabeni wonke. .
I-Twilight of Democracy: The Seduction of Authoritarianism
Ukungathembeki kuhlukanisa umhlaba kakhulu kunangaphambili manje. Ngoba ngaphezu kwalowo mbono omubi wekusasa, yonke into yenza uzungu lokusenza sibe babi kakhulu ezikhundleni zethu. Usesho lwe-inthanethi namanethiwekhi okuxhumana nomphakathi ahambisana nomhlaba esifuna ukuwubona… indawo yokuzalanisa ekahle yokuwela emibonweni yakudala eyiphutha yombala owodwa noma omunye. Isikhathi sokugona okuthile; bambelela kuleso sipikili esivuthayo esisinika ukukhanya okukwazi ukusiphuphuthekisa ngokucaca kwakho. Uma nje uzivumela uhambe, ubeke eceleni umqondo omncane wokugxeka, ungazinikela esenzweni esingalindelekile kakhulu.
Imibuso yentando yeningi ekhululekile yaseNtshonalanga ivinjezelwe kanye nokukhuphuka kwe ubushiqela Yindaba okufanele isikhathaze sonke. Ku-Twilight of Democracy, u-Anne Applebaum -umklomelo we-pulitzer kanye nesinye sezazi-mlando zokuqala ukuxwayisa mayelana nokuthambekela okuyingozi ongenantando yeningi eNtshonalanga - udalula ngokucacile futhi kafushane izingibe ubuzwe kanye ne-autocracy futhi ichaza ukuthi kungani izinhlelo zezombangazwe ngemiyalezo elula neqinile iyathandeka kakhulu.
I-Los abaholi abayizihlubuki abangeni bodwa emandleni, kodwa bakwenza lokho besekelwe ngabangane babo bezombusazwe, ibutho lezikhulu kanye nabezindaba okubavulela indlela futhi besekela umsebenzi wabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu ubuzwe kanye nobushiqela abelokhu ezuza ukubaluleka imibuso yentando yeningi ekhululekile banikeza amathemba azuzisa abalandeli babo kuphela, okubenza bakwazi ukukhuphukela eziqongweni ezingenakuqhathaniswa zengcebo namandla.
Ukulandela ezinyathelweni zika Julian Into y UHannah Arendt, I-Applebaum iveza abavikeli abasha bemibono engekho emthethweni emhlabeni wonke futhi igxeka indlela lelite elisha elinegunya elisebenzisa ngayo imibono yetulo, lo ukuhlukaniswa kwezepolitiki, ukufinyelela okwesabekayo kwezinkundla zokuxhumana, ngisho nomuzwa wokulangazelela ukucekela phansi yonke into futhi sichaze kabusha umbono wethu wesizwe.
Imibuso yesimanje yasentshonalanga ivinjezelwe futhi ukwanda kobushiqela wudaba okufanele lusikhathaze sonke. Vuliwe Ukwehla kwentando yeningi, u-Anne Applebaum (owine uMklomelo kaPulitzer futhi ongomunye wezazi-mlando zokuqala ukuxwayisa ngokuthambekela okuyingozi kwentando yeningi eNtshonalanga) udalula ngokucacile nangokufingqiwe izingibe zokushisekela ubuzwe nokuzimela. Kule ndaba engajwayelekile, uchaza ukuthi kungani izinhlelo ezinemiyalezo elula neqinile zikhanga kangaka.
Abaholi abayizihlubuki abafiki emandleni bodwa; Lokhu bakwenza besekelwa abasekeli bezombusazwe, amabutho ezikhulu kanye nabezindaba okubavulela indlela futhi besekela imisebenzi yabo. Ngokunjalo, izinhlangano zobuzwe kanye nezingosi eziye zazuza ukubaluleka emibusweni yentando yeningi yesimanje zinikeza imibono ezuzisa ngokukhethekile abalandeli bawo, ebavumela ukuba bafinyelele amazinga angenakuqhathaniswa omcebo namandla.
Ilandela ezinyathelweni zika-Julien Benda no-Hannah Arendt, i-Applebaum iveza abavikeli abasha bemibono engekho emthethweni futhi igxeka indlela lezi zikhulu zombuso ezisebenzisa ngayo imibono yozungu, ukuhlukaniswa kwezombusazwe, ukufinyeleleka okwesabekayo kwezinkundla zokuxhumana kanye nomuzwa wokufisa ukubhubhisa yonke into futhi bachaze kabusha. umbono wethu wesizwe.
Ukufunda okubhalwe ngobungcweti, nokuphuthumayo nokudingekile, Ukwehla kwentando yeningi kuwukuhlaziya okunemininingwane egqamile kokuzamazama komhlaba okuzamazamisa umhlaba kanye nokuvikela ngentshiseko amagugu entando yeningi.
Ikhethini Lensimbi: Ukubhujiswa KweMpumalanga Yurophu 1944-1956
Sonke sinomuzwa wokuthi amazwe aseNtshonalanga abedlisa inunu ngaphansi kombono wokuthi angeke aze enze sengathi asishwabadela njengeNyonu. Namuhla uPutin uvusa izipoki ezindala zezimpi ezibandayo nazo ezinemithamo yazo yokubhekana ngesandla. Futhi i-monster ifuna konke. U-Putin ulungele noma yini, ngisho nokususa ikhethini lensimbi lize lihlanganise yonke iYurophu. Kulezo zimpushana lolu daka. Ake sibheke ukuthi yini okufanele siphile nayo namuhla ngale Russia ebuswa izindlalifa ze-USSR.
Ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe II, iSoviet Union yayilawula indawo enkulu eMpumalanga Yurophu. U-Stalin kanye namaphoyisa akhe omshoshaphansi baqala ukuguqulwa kwamazwe ayishumi nambili ahluke ngokuphelele ohlelweni olusha lwezepolitiki nokuziphatha: ubukhomanisi.
Isazi-mlando u-Anne Applebaum (owazuza uMklomelo kaPulitzer weGulag) wethula kula makhasi umsebenzi oqondile wokuthi iKhetheni Lensimbi laba khona kanjani nokuthi ukuphila kwakunjani ngakolunye uhlangothi. U-Applebaum uchaza ngemininingwane ethusayo ukuthi amaqembu ezombusazwe, iBandla, abezindaba, izinhlangano zentsha, ngamafuphi, zonke izikhungo zomphakathi, zahlakazwa kanjani ngokushesha. Ichaza indlela amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi ayehlelwe ngayo nendlela zonke izinhlobo zokuphikisa ezahlaselwa futhi zabhujiswa ngayo. Ngenxa yalokho, ngesikhathi esifushane ngokumangalisayo, iMpumalanga Yurophu yaqiniswa ngokuphelele. Kusukela kumadokhumenti angafinyeleleki kuze kube muva nje kanye nemithombo engaziwa eNtshonalanga, i-Applebaum ilandela amaqhinga amakhomanisi endleleni eya emandleni, izinsongo, ukuhlukumeza nokubulala. Iphinde ixoxe izindaba ngazinye ukuze zibonise izinketho ezethulwa kubantu: ukulwa, ukundiza noma ukuhlanganyela.
Ikhethini Lensimbi indaba emangalisayo yenkathi enonya kanye nesikhumbuzo esikhathazayo sokuthi intekenteke kangakanani imiphakathi ekhululekile. Namuhla i-Soviet bloc iyimpucuko elahlekile, enonya, i-paranoia, isimilo esihlanekezelwe kanye nobuhle obungavamile obukwazi ukuthwebula u-Applebaun emakhasini athakazelisayo ale ncwadi.
