Izincwadi ezi-3 ezihamba phambili zikaSusan Sontag

USusan Sontag wayengumbhali waseMelika ovelele wemvelaphi yobuJuda, iqembu elikhethiwe kodwa elibanzi labalandi abanezimpande zesiHeberu alivikele kusukela ngesikhathi sakhe. Philip Roth up Paul auster, ngokusebenzisa amanye ama-greats amaningi ezincwadi ezenziwe e-USA.

Ukuzama ukulungisa uSusan Sontag ngohlobo oluthile kungukuzivocavoca okuzibophezele, ngoba kuleyo nkululeko yokudala eboniswe ngulo mbhali njalo, singathola ukuhlukahluka kwezimpikiswano nezinsizakusebenza ezikhomba ekusebenzeni kwakhe njengombhali onesikhuthazo esithe xaxa kunesici esivele sihleliwe.

Kodwa ekugcineni, kuwo wonke umdali ungaqagela lowo mugqa, inhloso, isifiso sokuxoxa izindaba ngalokho kuzimisela komphefumulo ukubeka umnyama ekukhathazeni okumhlophe kobuhlakani kanye nokushayela okubalulekile.

Ekugcineni, sithola encwadini yezincwadi zikaSontag umugqa ongapheli phakathi kwefilosofi ebaluleke kakhulu nokuthi leyo nkolelo eqinile yemicabango ethwele ubukhona be-anthropological obabeka lo muntu maphakathi nakho konke futhi okwamenza waba "nomthelela" wesikhathi sakhe kulokho okwenhlalo, kwamasiko ngisho nezombusazwe.

Izincwadi Ezinconyelwe ezi-3 eziphezulu nguSusan Sontag

Mayelana nezithombe

Ngokungangabazeki, ukuthwebula izithombe kwakuyinto eyingqayizivele lapho zikhona. Akukhona ukuthi kwakusho ukuguqulwa komhlaba kwezobuchwepheshe, kodwa kumuntu. Iqiniso lokuthi umzuzwana ungashuthelwa izizukulwane ngaleyo nzwa yomlingo emngceleni kokungenakucatshangwa futhi okusiholela ekubeni sikhumbule osekwenzekile kakade ngesisindo sezinkumbulo ezenziwe zaba izithombe.

Omunye umbono ofanayo uzocatshangelwa, phakathi kweminye eminingi, nguSusan Sontag ukuze asondele kule ncwadi yokuqala edlula phakathi kwesu nomphumela, phakathi komshini othwebula ukumamatheka kanye nengqikithi yalokho kumamatheka kufinyelelwa futhi yilabo abacabanga ngesifinyezo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi kamuva. .

Mayelana nezithombe, eyanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-1973, yayiwumsebenzi wenguquko ekugxekeni izithombe. Naye, uSusan Sontag uphakamise imibuzo engenakuphepheka, ngokuziphatha nangobuhle, ngaleli fomu lobuciko. Kukhona izithombe yonke indawo; Banamandla okuba nomthelela, ukuhlehlisa noma ukukhohlisa, bangacasula i-nostalgia noma bangasebenza njengesikhumbuzo, futhi bama njengobufakazi obumelene nathi noma phakathi ukusikhomba. Kwezi zahluko eziyisithupha ezinokuqonda, uSontag uyazibuza ukuthi ukuba khona kwazo zonke lezi zithombe kuthinta kanjani indlela yethu yokubona umhlaba, nokuthi sithembele kuzona kanjani ukwenza imibono engokoqobo negunya.

Mayelana nobuhlungu babanye

Akukho ukuzwelana ngaphezu kokuzama ukufinyelela kuleso sikhala lapho kuphuma khona ubuhlungu, lapho inkemba ishaya khona umzuzwana ngamunye othuthuka phakathi kwamahora abuhlungu futhi angapheli obuhlungu.

Futhi yebo, akekho ongcono kunoGoya ukukhombisa, esigabeni sakhe sesibili, lobo buhlungu benza ukuhlanganiswa phakathi komphefumulo wakhe ohluphekile kanye nokuwohloka kwakhe okuzwakele ngenxa yokungezwa kwakhe. Akekho ofana nomdwebi wase-Aragon ongabonisa ubuhlungu bakhe obunozwela, obufihlwe phakathi kwezinhlekelele zempi, imizwelo yomuntu njengesabekayo. Inhlekelele icatshangwa yilowo nalowo njengoba umphefumulo usho. Umbuzo uthi sizibeka kanjani lapho ubuhlungu bukolunye uhlangothi, ngaphakathi komakhelwane.

Ngemuva kweminyaka engamashumi amabili nanhlanu Mayelana nezithombeUSusan Sontag ubuyile esifundweni sokuboniswa kwempi nobudlova. Umbukwane wokuhlupheka kwabanye usithinta kanjani? Ingabe sesikujwayele ukuba nonya? Ukuze wenze lokhu, umbhali uhlola uchungechunge lweGoya Izinhlekelele zempi, izithombe zempi yombango yaseMelika kanye namakamu okuhlushwa amaNazi, nezithombe ezesabekayo zesimanje zeBosnia, iSierra Leone, iRwanda, i-Israel nePalestine, kanye neNew York City ngoSepthemba 11, 2001. Mayelana nobuhlungu babanye, USusan Sontag unikela ngesibonakaliso esithandekayo sokuthi impi yenziwa kanjani (futhi iyaqondakala) ezinsukwini zethu.

Ukugula nezingathekiso zabo

Sasingakaze sibe uhlobo oluvikelwe, singazinaki izifo ezinkulu, izinambuzane noma ubhadane lwezifo. Ngaphandle kokuthi sikholelwa ukuthi sinomjikelezo omusha ngamunye lapho ububi obuyisimo sesifo esivamile buyehla khona. Noma mhlawumbe kuyinto okufanele sicabange kanjena, ukuqhubekela phambili noma ngabe yini.

Ngemva kokusondela ezincwadini zikaSusan Sontag izikhathi ezimbalwa, uthola umuzwa ongavamile wokushintsha amakhasi phakathi kwamaqiniso aphenduke amanoveli athakazelisayo. Kulesi senzakalo, nokusebenzisa ithuba lokusebenzisana okubi kwe-coronavirus, yonke into ithatha umqondo omkhulu wokuthi le noveli iphile.

Noma kunjalo, endabeni siphinde sithole ukuhlakanipha kwe-anthropological mayelana nesifo, izinsalela ezibalulekile ze-psychology, iminonjana yemicabango ehlangene lapho sibhekene nenhlekelele yobuthakathaka bethu ... Lo mqulu uhlanganisa ndawonye lezi zindaba, Ukugula nezingathekiso zabo y Ingculazi nezingathekiso zayo, eziqhubeka zinethonya elikhulu ekucabangeni kwezokwelapha nasempilweni yezinkulungwane zeziguli nabanakekeli.

USusan Sontag wabhala Ukugula nezingathekiso zabo ngo-1978, ngenkathi ebhekene nomdlavuza. Encwadini ubefuna ukukhombisa ukuthi izinganekwane ngezifo ezithile, ikakhulukazi umdlavuza, zingeza kanjani ubuhlungu ekuhluphekeni kweziguli futhi zivame ukubavimbela ekufuneni ukwelashwa okufanele. Cishe eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, ngokuvela kwesifo esisha esicwaswayo futhi esigcwele ukungaqiniseki kanye “namaphupho okujezisa,” kubhala uSontag. Ingculazi nezingathekiso zayo, enweba izimpikiswano zencwadi yangaphambi kwengculazi.