Iincwadi ezi-3 ezigqwesileyo nguJosé Ortega y Gasset

Enye yeempumelelo ezinkulu ze isithandi sobulumko esikhulu UJosé Ortega y Gasset Ibiyinto yokuba ndicebise ngamaxesha amaninzi ukulungelelaniswa kwentanda-bulumko kubume bemekobume yomntu. Ukubeka intanda-bulumko njengento ebambekayo ngokubanzi kunokuququzelela umsebenzi wokucinga, wokuqiqa, welo mzamo unzima wokuchukumisa ubulumko, kodwa ekugqibeleni ayinanto ibalulekileyo. Kwincwadi yakhe enkuluUkucamngca kukaDon Quixote", oku umfundi onenzuzo ye Hegel ujonga kulaa metavision ekufutshane naloo monad apho ukwaziwa koyena mntu ungumntu obalaseleyo, owenziwe eSpain, kule meko.

Kukwayinyani ukuba iimfuno zefilosofi ezisingise kwezopolitiko, kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini apho ukukhangelwa kweengcamango nakweyiphi na indawo kwakubalulekile, kukhokelele kuhlengahlengiso lobulumko malunga neemfuno zentlalo ezithe ngqo ngakumbi kwindawo nganye.

Yayingasengomcimbi wokuphuphuma kwezona zinto zibalulekileyo ze-epistemology, kodwa endaweni yokufumana isiseko sokukhokela i-evolution yentlalo ngokubhekiselele kwiiparameters apho ukuziphatha, umthetho, i-ideological kunye nayo nayiphi na enye inkalo echaphazela uluntu lonke kwinguqu eqhubekayo phakathi. Ungquzulwano lwadityaniswa.

Ukuzibophelela kwesithandi sobulumko njengengcinga ekhululekileyo kusoloko kugcina kungqubana neyona minqweno ibubuxoki yenkulungwane yama-20 yezopolitiko isazinikele ekufundiseni.

Kwimfazwe yaseSpain yeRiphabhlikhi okanye ekuqaleni kwemfazwe yamakhaya, u-Ortega y Gasset akazange avumelane nokunyanzeliswa kwelinye okanye elinye icala elalifuna udumo lokuvunyelwa kwayo ukuthetheleleka kwezinye iinjongo, kwaye ke yaphela ijongene. ukugxothwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwizihlandlo ezitsha de wabuyela okokugqibela eSpeyin ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe.

Kulo Uluhlu lweencwadi olubanzi lwe-Ortega y Gasset Singazifumana iincwadi ezingentanda-bulumko eyongezelelekileyo yentlalo-ntle yaseSpain kunye neYurophu yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ephantsi koxinzelelo lweengcinga ezimbi, kodwa sikwafumanisa loo miqulu yefilosofi esulungekileyo ehlalutya kwaye ifunde iifomula zabanye abantu abacinga kakhulu kwimbali. Nangona iikhonsepthi ngamanye amaxesha zixinene, ibali lika-Ortega y Gasset livumela ufikelelo olungcono kulo mmandla wezimvo ezihlala ziyintanda-bulumko.

Iincwadi ezi-3 ezicetyiswayo ngu-Ortega y Gasset

Ukucamngca kukaDon Quixote

Wonke umbhali, wonke umntu ocingayo ufumana kwiincwadi zakhe zokuqala isiseko semibhalo yakhe kamva. Ifilimu yokuqala yefilosofi isibhengezo seenjongo ezinokuphuhliswa okanye zilahlwe ekugqibeleni.

Kumalunga nokuphakamisa ithisisi, ukukhangela izinto ezichaseneyo ezinokubakho ngexesha lobomi bonke kwaye ushiye i-synthesis kubo bonke abo basondela kuwo wonke umsebenzi. Kule ncwadi sifumanisa ukuba ukudibanisa phakathi kwefilosofi kunye ne-idiosyncrasy yaseSpain esele ndiyikhankanye ngaphambili.

Umsebenzi woncwadi wehlabathi onguDon Quixote uqokelela umfanekiso ofunekayo kwimbono yehlabathi ukusuka kule peninsula yakudala yase-Iberia kwaye ukuba iQuixote elumkileyo (lowo ubonakala equbuda ebhedini yakhe kwimiboniso yokugqibela) unokuveza ukuba ihlabathi liyintoni na kwaye yintoni na. Uphethe iingcamango njengoko kunokwenzeka ukucaciswa malunga nobomi kunye nekamva leYurophu kunye nempucuko yethu, oku kuya kuba bubungqina bakhe. Isiqalo esiyimfuneko kuhambo kukujongana noko kubhalwe ngu-Ortega y Gasset.

Ukuvukela kobunzima

Nayiphi na incwadi ejongene nentlalontle kunye nangaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ngenjongo yezopolitiko (kwaye nangakumbi kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini enenkathazo) ihlala igqiba ukuzama ukudibanisa nomkhwa okanye iqela.

Kwenzeka into efana nale ngale ncwadi malunga nokufaneleka komntu ngamnye kunye nokusebenza kwenkitha yabantu njengamaqela ahlukeneyo kwaye alungelelaniswa ngokulula. Ukuboniswa koluntu phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-20 njengesithuba esibekelwe kwiindima zabantu, ukoyisa ukuxhomekeka kwixesha elidlulileyo, kodwa ukudala i-voids entsha enokulungiswa ngokulula ngokudityaniswa kobunzima kusondela njengenye yeengxaki ezinkulu.

Ingxaki ekujongwe kuyo kule ncwadi ngokwembono yayo yendaleko yentlalo apho izisombululo zifunwa khona okanye ubuncinci ezo ntsilelo ziboniswa, azisoloko ziqwalaselwa ngumntu ngokwakhe, okwaziyo ukuzoba ikamva elinempumelelo ngakumbi okanye elingaphantsi ngokuzimela okukhulu.

I-specialization efunekayo ukususela kwi-Industrial Revolution kwaye incediswe kuzo zonke iinkalo zophuhliso lwentlalo inokuzalisa ubukho bento yonke ebonwa phantsi kwe-prism yolwazi olungalungiswanga ngokupheleleyo kwindalo yonke efikelelekayo yeengcamango.

Ukungazi ngokufutshane sisiseko esibalulekileyo sovukelo lwenkitha yabantu, olusuka phezulu kwiphiramidi yengcamango ebuyisela kwakhona owona msantsa uncinci ugqunyiweyo, lowo wobukho obungaphaya kokuzinikela okanye amabhongo ezinto eziphathekayo enze isondlo esibalulekileyo.

I-Invertebrate yaseSpain

Akunakuze kube buhlungu, kule mihla, ukusondela kule ncwadi ngu-Ortega y Gasset echaza ukucwangciswa kweSpeyin ngokwembono yentlalo. Ingcamango eyaqulunqwa ngu-Ortega y Gasset yesizathu sembali ifumana eyona nto ipheleleyo kule ncwadi.

Ubume bomntu ngamnye kule peninsula yakudala ayinakuqwalaselwa njengequmrhu layo. Ingxubevange yempucuko imele ukugqwethwa kwayo nayiphi na ingcamango yeSpanish (into ethi, ngendlela, yenzeka naphi na kwihlabathi elingene kwaye lisuka kwelinye impucuko ukuya kwelinye)

Ingongoma kukuba iintshukumo zembali kuphela ezinokuxhasa isakhiwo esikhulu okanye esincinci sombuso. Ukusuka kwihlabathi jikelele lehlabathi ukuya kwindawo ethile yaseSpain, umbhali ujongana nayo yonke loo nkqubo yembali eshukunyiswa ziingingqi, abalinganiswa abathatyathwe njengemifuziselo, ukuqwalaselwa okungenakwenzeka kwayo yonke into yahlakazeka ukuya ekusasazweni kwengqikelelo yelo lizwe lihlala lisenziwa likhaya elibonelela ukhuseleko olungasoloko lugqibele ngokumkelwa kakuhle kwaye olunokutolikwa ngokulula kuyo nayiphi na intshukumo yembali eyenzeka ukusuka ePyrenees ukuya kwiStrait yaseGibraltar (yasekhaya)