Njengabo bonke abantwana bommelwane, kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini babethwa ngugonyamelo ukusuka kuMbindi Merika ukuya eTierra de Fuego, umbhali waseGuatemala UMiguel Angel Asturias, wazalisa uncwadi lwakhe nge-intrahistory ebalisa ngekamva ledolophu. Ayifani nento engaqondakaliyo yokuba oozwilakhe abalungileyo badonsa ukuze badibanise iingcinga, nokuba yeyiphi na imeko inkcukacha, icandelo lilonke, umzekelo kunye nesikweko ukufumana ubungakanani bokwahlukaniswa kwezentlalo.
Kodwa ayisiyiyo kuphela ekugxekeni eluntwini. Ngaphandle kwento engapheliyo apho unokuguqula khona inkxalabo yentlalontle, uMiguel Ángel Asturias ukwaphinde wavavanya i-avant-gardes ezothusayo ngexesha lakhe njengaleyo surrealism apho yonke into yayinokwenzeka. Yiyo loo nto umbono omnandi ubhabha ngaphezulu kwemisebenzi yakhe ukuze agqibe ngokumithisa ngokuqiniseka okukhulu ubukho obuye bashukunyiswa lelo phupha linjengephupha lokwahlukana okwenziwa yinyani.
Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo umlinganiso welebheli yaseLatin American yababalisi bamva. Ababhali bahamba ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX neyama-XNUMX njenge USergio Ramirez o UVargas Llosa Ukuze baphefumlelwe nguye ukuba baqhubeke nelifa lebali kwelinye icala leAtlantic elifike ngamandla eMelika kutshintsho lwenkcubeko okokuqala njengemoto kunye nentlalo njengekota.
Iinoveli ezi-3 eziphezulu ezicetyiswayo nguMiguel Ángel Asturias
Mnu. Mongameli
Ngaphantsi kwesithunzi esibi samandla olawulo abantu bahlukanisiwe kwizazela zabo. Icebo lihlala lifana, ukusekwa koloyiko kunye nentsomi yenkokeli yangoku. Imizamo yokungamiseli umthetho ihlala iveliswa ngokungenanceba. Yinkcubeko kuphela enokuphinda iphinde ibuye loo nto inokubangela utshintsho.
Ibhalwe phakathi kuka-1920 no-1933 yaza yapapashwa ngo-1946, Mnu. Mongameli yenye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo zokubalula ezibizwa «inoveli uzwilakhe» apho eminye imisebenzi esisiseko efana Mna oPhezulu, ukusuka eRoa Bastos, Utshutshisi uBanderas, de IValle-Inclán, Ekwindla kasolusapho, de UGabriel García Márquez, okanye kutshanje, Itheko lebhokhwe, NguMario Vargas Llosa xa sinolwazi. Kuyo, i-Asturias iphefumlelwe ngurhulumente wokugqibela kaManuel Estrada Cabrera, eGuatemala, ukuphonononga iindlela ezenza ulawulo lobuzwilakhe kwezopolitiko lusebenze, kunye neziphumo zalo eluntwini.
Kuxelwe kwimibono eyahlukeneyo ebume ngokungangqalanga ubume bukaMongameli, le noveli yenye yezona zinto ziphambili ezichaziweyo boom I-Latin American kunye nobunyani bobugqi, obona obalaseleyo nguGarcía Márquez.
Ukuvakaliswa kwayo ukugwetywa kokungabikho kokusesikweni kunye nobuzwilakhe kwayifumana ukuba ihlolwe kwaye ivalwe iminyaka elishumi elinesithathu, ngelixa, ngokuchaseneyo, ukutyeba kwayo kunye nokuqala kobume bayo kwenza ukuba ibe yenye yeenoveli ezaye zachaphazela sonke isizukulwana sababhali abavela eLatin America . Ukutshintshelwa kwifilimu nakwithiyetha, kwaye yaguqulelwa kwiilwimi eziphambili, inoveli yamkelwa kakuhle kakhulu ngexesha lokupapashwa kwayo ngabagxeki kunye nabafundi ngokufanayo.
Amadoda ombona
Igunya elinokulawula isazela alisebenzisi kuphela ngoozwilakhe abanamandla. Namhlanje sinemizekelo engcono yendlela abantu abanokulawulwa ngayo ngendlela ye-sibylline engaphezulu, phantsi kwesilogeni solonwabo kunye nokuhle okuqhelekileyo okuxutywe ekwenzeni njenge-placebo ekwaziyo ukusenza siqiniseke ukuba akukho bubi ... Kukho imiba engapheliyo ngokweefom esiphantsi kwazo ...
Amadoda oMbona enza ukugwetywa kweziphumo ezibi zokuba ubungxowankulu kunye neenkampani ezinkulu zamanye amazwe zibe namasiko, iinkolelo zamanyange, ukungazinzi kwabantu kunye nokungazithembi kwabantu baseGuatemala.
Inkumbulo engaziwayo yookhokho yayi, enkosi ngomsebenzi wakhe, ebandakanyiwe kubuchwephesha bezobugcisa kwaye wanika indima yabalinganiswa abaziintsomi kwabangabhalwanga kwimbali. Amabali ama-Quiché amandulo ayabalisa ukuba, ekuqalekeni kwehlabathi, oothixo basilela izihlandlo ezininzi kwimizamo yabo yokudala umntu, bade bafumane into elungileyo yokwenza isidalwa sokugqibela: umbona.
Ukusuka kwisihloko ngokwaso, lo msebenzi ubhengeza ukuhlangana kwawo namaIndiya aseGuatemala, kodwa amadoda ombona ahlala kumaphepha ayo ayinzala yabo basindayo kuloyiso, badlula kwiintlekele ezahlukeneyo kwimbali yaseGuatemala, kwaye bafikelela kwixesha apho iAsturias yabaphinda Kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane yama-XNUMX.
Iintsomi zaseGuatemala
Mhlawumbi inyaniso eyintsomi eyenziwe i-idiosyncrasy isisondeza kumntu we-atavistic, elawulwa yingcamango ukuya kwinqanaba lokuziphatha. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha iinzame zokubhangisa ezi totems zenkcubeko zifunyaniswa njengentando eyingozi ngakumbi kwaye elungelelaniswe ngokugqibeleleyo ekujongeni izinto ezikhohlakeleyo kunye nezingamandla.
Inzala kaMiguel Ángel Asturias (1899-1974) kwiinkcubeko ezithandwayo zase-Central America njengesihloko sophando kunye nophando lufumana ukuguqulelwa kwayo kwincwadi ethi "Leyendas de Guatemala" (1930), ingxelo yezinto ezimangalisayo apho iimbali zentsomi abantu baseMayan-Quiché badibana namasiko edolophu yaseGuatemala edlulileyo kunye nezixeko zemveli zaseTikal naseCopán badibana neSantiago neAntigua, esekwe yiSpanish. Idabi eliphakathi koomoya bomhlaba kunye noomoya abangcwele libaliswa ngumsasazi okhuthazayo kunye novuyo luka-1967 weNobel Prize for Literature, ezaliswe yimifanekiso eqaqambileyo.
Iintsomi zaseGuatemala zenza umhlaba wezityhilelo, isiqingatha sentsomi, isiqingatha senyaniso. Sebenzela ukufundwa ngokuvakalayo, umoya wayo ovulekileyo usenza ukuba siqonde isandi semibongo yomculo omangalisayo owenziwe ziiqendu zawo, apho unika umfundi ulwazi olubanzi ngezithethe kunye neentsomi ze-pre-Hispanic, colonial kunye ne-America yangoku. Ngokubanzi, impikiswano yamabali iphakamisa ungquzulwano lwenkcubeko olubandakanya indoda yaseMelika kumzabalazo oqhubekayo kunye namandla endalo kunye neentsomi ezithi zona ngokwazo zidale ukutolika intsingiselo yesiphelo.
