Ndikhumbula ifuthe longenelelo Noam Chomsky kungquzulwano lwangoku kunye nommandla waseCatalonia. Ngaphezu kwayo nantoni na, kuba uhlala ulindele kwiingqondo ezilinganisiweyo, ungenelelo oluzolileyo, ukuhlalutya iinyani kunye nomxholo. Kodwa kunjalo, kuyahenda kakhulu kwezi ntsuku ukwamkela ukufudumala okucingelwa ukuba yi-libertarian, nokuba ifihla umnqweno wokuzingca omnye ...
Kuba ukwahlulahlula isiCatalan kuthengiswa njengesizathu esilula kwihlabathi eliphucukileyo. Isenokuba yifayile ye- ukucanyagushelwa kwezono ezininzi xa ujongene nokonakaliswa okwenyani kwamalungelo asisiseko; ukungakhathalelwa okungagungqiyo kwezentlalo nakwezopolitiko kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi; Ukurhoxa okunomdla kwimilinganiselo ebalulekileyo…. Ubutshantliziyo beSalon.
Ewe kunjalo, ngubani omnye ongaphantsi (phakathi kobuninzi babantu ekuthiwa ngabantu abashiyekileyo, kodwa onwabile kweli, ngamanye amaxesha, kwihlabathi elinobuqhophololo), akhotha amanxeba abo obuxoki ngokuzibonakalisa beqinile ngezona zinto zibambekayo nezona zibangela iintloni Zonke izinto ezibangelwe kukuphambuka okubangela ukuba kubekho.
Kwaye ke umfana ofana noJosé Mújica ufika, owayesakuba ngumongameli wase-Uruguay, ekhutshiwe ngokwenene kuyo yonke into ebandakanya ukulunga kunye nokufudumala. abashiyi bobuxoki abaguqukayo. Ewe, uJosé Mújica ushiya intatheli esemsebenzini kwijelo elaziwa kakhulu leCatalan pro-separatism engathethi kwaye umxelela ukuba umbutho wenkululeko wamaCatalan kukuzingca. Kwaye ukuba intshukumo ayiyonto yedemokhrasi.
Kodwa yiza, ukugxeka ecaleni, akunakungahoywa ukuba isimilo sikaChomsky sokuziphatha kulo mbandela lilitye elinamathuba esinokuthi sonke siwasebenzise nangaliphi na ixesha, ngaphandle kwezizathu ezithile zokwenyani zokubandakanya imigaqo-nkqubo yethu yokuziphatha.
Sika ecaleni, emva koko kukho umsebenzi wakhe, i-bibliography ebanzi kakhulu, kwiimeko ezininzi, isinika umbono otyebisayo wekamva lemihla yethu. Kwaye ewe, ujika abe ngumbhali oncomekayo ngokupheleleyo kweyakhe ukuziqhelanisa kufutshane nombono obalulekileyo kunye nefilosofi.
Iincwadi ezi-3 eziphezulu eziCetyiswayo nguNoam Chomsky
Imfundo yanamhlanje (un)
Ndisondele kule ncwadi ndiqhutywa kolunye ufundo olufanayo olwalatha kwinkqubo yemfundo njengomhlaza, ngokuchanekileyo, uninzi lwabona bafundi banesiphiwo nabayilayo. Liyinyaniso elokuba abanye bayafika, bafunde, bafumane izidanga baze babe ngamadoda aluncedo.
Umbuzo ngabo bawa ngasendleleni. Ukuba ndinokwenza izibalo ze-IQ ngaphandle kwesidanga, ngakumbi kumanqanaba okuqala apho bancinci, ngokuqinisekileyo siya kumangaliswa. Imalunga ne-mania yokulungelelanisa ukuya kwinqanaba lokuvuya, lokumisa ukuya kwinqanaba lokuxhamla. Kwaye ke abo bamisela inkqubo bahlala bezolile kakhulu, njengaxa besiya kwindlu yangasese, ngaphandle kokuqwalasela ezinye iinkalo ezininzi ezifanelekileyo zokukhuthaza ukufunda, okungathandabuzekiyo okuyimfuneko yokufunda kunye nokukhuthaza njengamandla okuqhuba ayenza isebenze.
Ngaphandle kokungena kule miba ichazwe, uChomsky ugxininisa enye inkalo ebalulekileyo, ukukhuthazwa kwezinto ezibalulekileyo, ukuqaliswa kwaloo ngcamango yengqondo yomntu omncinci ozimisele ukucinga kwakhona yonke into. Akukho nkolelo yokuba inkwenkwe engazinzanga ifuna ukuyicinga ngenxa nje yokuba. Kwaye ngumthwalo omkhulu lowo. UNoam Chomsky wamkelwa kwihlabathi liphela njengomnye weenkcuba-buchopho kunye nabafundisi benkulungwane yama-20. Kodwa ke, kude kube ngoku, imibhalo yakhe ngemfundo kunye nokungafundiswa kwabemi ayizange iqokelelwe kuyo nayiphi na incwadi. Koku, isazi seelwimi saseMelika esikhulu sigxeka kabukhali inkqubo yethu yemfundo yangoku.
Sijongene noluvo lokuba imigaqo-nkqubo yedemokhrasi iyafundiswa ezikolweni zethu, eyona nto ikhoyo yimodeli yokufundisa yobukoloniyali eyilelwe ikakhulu ukuqeqesha ootitshala abanobukrelekrele bengqondo obuthotyiweyo notshintshwe yinkqubo kunye nobuchule obunzima; Imodeli ethintela ukucinga okugxekayo nokuzimeleyo, engavumeli ukuqiqa malunga nokufihliweyo emva kweenkcazo kwaye, ngenxa yeso sizathu, kulungiswa ezi ngcaciso njengezona zinokwenzeka. Ootishala kunqabile ukuba bacele abafundi ukuba bahlalutye ezopolitiko nezentlalo ezazisa ubomi babo. Kunqabile ukuba abafundi bakhuthazwe ukuba bazifumanele inyani.
Kule ncwadi, uChomsky usinika izixhobo ezibalaseleyo zokuqhaqha olu hlobo lokufundisa olwenzelwe ukuhlaliswa kwabemi: ukuba abafundisi bayalukhaba uqeqesho lobuchwephesha olubenza babe ziingqondi ezinyanisekileyo ezigxeka uhanahaniso, ukungabikho kokusesikweni ekuhlaleni kunye nosizi lwabantu, baya kuthi yenza abafundi bathathe umceli mngeni wokwandisa imida yedemokhrasi kunye nobumi kwaye, bekunye nabo, baya kusebenza ekwakheni ucalucalulo oluncinci, idemokhrasi engaphezulu, ukungabi nabuntu kunye nelizwe elinobulungisa.
Ngubani olawula ihlabathi?
Kubonakala kungakholeki ukuba uninzi lwethu luyayazi, intuit okanye ubuncinci ukuthandabuza kwaye, ngokuchaseneyo, igumbi elincinci lokuqhuba esinalo. Uhlobo olufana noMzalwana Omkhulu, ovela Orwell okanye ilizwe elonwabileyo huxley, ihlabathi elitsha, inyaniso entsha, okanye ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yi<em>post-inyaniso. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba uChomsky uhlola kangakanani na entliziyweni yomcimbi, ukuvuka kubonakala ngathi yinto engenakwenzeka.
Ingcamango eyoyikisayo yabantu behlabathi lonke, ehlangene nehlabathi jikelele, inokunyuka ifuna ubulungisa bentlalontle kufuneka ibe yinto eyoyikisayo kumandla anamandla kangangokuba bathathela kubo ukuthulisa ilizwi. Kuhlalutyo oluqinisekileyo nolunesazela malunga nemeko yangoku yamazwe ngamazwe, uChomsky uthi iUnited States, ngemigaqo-nkqubo yayo yomkhosi kunye nokuzinikela kwayo okungapheliyo ekugcineni ubukhosi behlabathi, ibeka umngcipheko wentlekele eya kutshabalalisa iimpahla eziqhelekileyo zeplanethi.
Ukuzoba kwimizekelo eyahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwinkqubo yokwanda yokubulala i-drone ukuya kwisoyikiso semfazwe yenyukliya, kwiindawo ezinokumelwa ziingxabano e-Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan nase-Israel-Palestine, uChomsky unikezela ukuqonda okungalindelekanga kwaye kulayishwe izinto ezimalunga nokusebenza. yamandla ombuso kwiplanethi ekhulayo.
Ekudluliseni, umbhali ubonelela ngesifundo esihle malunga nendlela abantu abakumgangatho ophezulu eMelika abaye benyuka ngakumbi ngayo nakweyiphi na imiqobo yedemokhrasi efuna ukunyanzeliswa ngamandla abo. Njengokuba uninzi lwabemi luqhutywa kukungakhathaleki-kujikiselwa kubathengi okanye kwintiyo yabasesichengeni- imibutho kunye nezityebi ziya zivunyelwa ukuba zenze unothanda.
Uyilo lolwimi
Isixhobo, isixhobo, umjelo wonxibelelwano kunye nengxolo. Indlela yethu ebalulekileyo yokudlulisa izimvo, iimvakalelo, iikhonsepthi, iindlela zokujonga, amabali kunye nezinye iziqalo zobukrelekrele ezenziwe zaba zizenzi, nayo inoqwalaselo lwayo lwemetafizikhi ngokwembono yemetalnguistic. Kuba into esinenjongo yokunxibelelana nayo sinokuyifihla phantsi koko sikuthethayo. Okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, sinokutyhila injongo yokwenyani engazange ijongwe ukuba yenziwe icace. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo yigrama.
Kodwa nakwisifundo esilula esifundisisa amagama kunye nendlela yokuyila izivakalisi, sele ibonelela ngokuqonda ngenjongo yolwimi, nakumbono walo wejografi. Iilwimi zenziwe ngokusekwe kwi-idiosyncrasies yabantu bazo. Kwaye uChomsky unika ingxelo entle yako konke oku kwincwadi enobuchule malunga neendlela zethu zonxibelelwano ngokwenyani.
Indlela yakhe yokufunda iilwimi ibizwa ngokuba "yigrama yokuvelisa" kwaye itshintshe indlela esiziqonda ngayo iilwimi zabantu kunye nezinye iinkqubo zengqondo. Kule ncwadi uChomsky ubonakalisa ngembali yale "grammar" kwaye udibanisa imibuzo yefilosofi kunye nembono kunye nophando olunamandla.
Isimbo esidlamkileyo nesikhohlisayo esithandwa nguChomsky siyaphuculwa kwingxoxo yokugqibela enomdla kakhulu kunye noonjingalwazi baseyunivesithi abadumileyo, abagubungela iilwimi, ukufunyanwa kolwimi, ithiyori yolwimi kunye nengqondo. Kwiimpendulo zakhe zesisa kwimibuzo eyahlukeneyo, uChomsky ujongana nemibuzo esisiseko malunga nemeko yomntu. Ke, le ncwadi iya kuba nomdla kuzo zombini iingcali zeelwimi kunye noluntu ngokubanzi.
Izimvo ezi-4 malunga "Ezona ncwadi zi-3 zigqwesileyo nguNoam Chomsky"