Mabhuku echiRussian ane Ini handizive kuti chii chinonzi melancholy, sekufungidzira kwechando mukutarisira chitubu chisingambokwani kunyaradza mweya. Chaizvoizvo nekuda kweichi chikonzero, vazhinji vevanyori vakuru vekuRussia vanotipa mwero unoshamisa pakati pekuda kwavo kwehupenyu-chiito zvirongwa uko vatambi vavo vanopinzwa mukumirira kuripo kunogadzirisa zvese kubva munharaunda kusvika kune yakasarudzika.
Mamiriro ezvinhu anobatsirawo, hongu. Uye nekuziva chinangwa changu chekununura vanyori vepamusoro venyika imwe neimwe, kudzokera kumashure kusvika kuzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, tinozviwana tave neRussia inogara ichinetsa, ine yakasarudzika classism kungave kuburikidza nemadzimambo kana kuburikidza nevatungamiriri veSoviet vakapedzisira kudzokorora. maitiro evaichimbova madzimambo eRussia. Zvakanyanya vanhu gangaidzo.
Nokudaro, kurondedzera kune vanyori vakuru vakadai saDostoiveski kana Chekhov inogona kunge iri chiitiko chekufarira kusingaperi kwavanozowedzera manzwiro avo pakati pekusagadzikana, kuparadzaniswa uye kubata kwerudo pane dzimwe nguva, kunonatswa netariro yekubwinya kusingapedzi kusvika. .
Nhaka yevanyori vakuru vekuRussia inotora nzvimbo muvanyori vatsva vazvino vanomira pachena nekufungidzira kwavo kuyambuka mazaya apo zvishuwo zvaigara zvichibudirira uye vari mundima yekunyora vanoenda kune zvisingafungidzirwe pakati pevanyori vakanaka vakawanda.
Vepamusoro 5 vanyori vepamusoro vekuRussia
Chekhov. Zvinyorwa zveRussia munyaya
Sezvo iri pfupi pfupi rondedzero, Anton Chekhov inova iyo yakakosha poindi kune chero munhu murudo neapfupi, pamwe neiyo synthesis, ine zvidiki diki nyaya dzinogona kuendesa iwo musimboti wepasi unosara mune izvo zvinokurudzirwa, mune izvo zvinongoziviswa.
Iyo nyaya ndiko kuzorora kwehupenyu hwemunhu, kuverenga kwakazara uko kunogona kunakidzwa parwendo kuenda kunzvimbo ipi neipi kana sekuperekedza usati wabatwa nehope. Uye mune ipfupi kukwana Chekhov anoita sehunyanzvi kupfuura vese. Kuzvitsaurira kune ipfupi, semunyori, kunogona kutarisirwa senzira inoshungurudza. Wese murondedzeri anoita kunge anonongedzera kunhoroondo yake yekupedzisira, iyo inovhura kune yakazara yakazara uye yakaoma nyika.
Chekhov haana kumbobvira anyora nganonyorwa mupfungwa yebasa rakawandisa uye rakabatwa nenzira yakajeka, kusimudzira uye kuvhara. Uye zvakadaro basa rake rakapona kusvika nanhasi nesimba rakafanana neiro reimwe izwi. Kusvika padanho iro, pamwe ne Tolstoy y Dostoevskiy, Inonyora isinganzwisisiki trilogy yeRussia neyepasi rose zvinyorwa, nekuda kwekusiyana uye kudzika kwayo.
Mavambo ayo akaratidzirwa nokudikanwa. Vanyori semhando yevanyori vezvinyorwa zvenhema vakanga vari kudiwa zvakanyanya munguva yeChekhov. Paakangobatanidzwa, haana kurega kunyora nezve pfupiso, nepfungwa yeanecdotal, yechiitiko chakasarudzika seyakanakisa kuratidzwa kwatiri. Imwe yezvinyorwa zvake zvazvino, heino:
Dostoevsky. chokwadi chakaoma
Hapana munhu angati Dostoevsky akazvipira mumaoko ezvinyorwa nekuda kwevanyori vane rudo. Kana chimwe chinhu chichigona kuiswa mukati mukuru Dostoyevsky Iko kusimba mukati mekunakidzwa kwehunhu hweumwe neumwe neumwe wehunhu hwayo.
Asi zvaive zvechokwadi. Sangano rerudo, iro, kunyangwe hazvo aive atobatwa pakati pekudzokera kwake, raive richiri rakakosha pakuverenga izvo zvakashanda sekudya kwekutanga kwaFyodor.
Chinofanira kunge chakaitika ndechekuti munyori uyu akawana kuti chokwadi chakaomesa musoro. Mamiriro ezvinhu anoshungurudza uye kukanganisa kwevanhu munharaunda yeRussia zvakapedzisira zvaunza imwe mhando yemusesi zvakanyanya kuitika uye yakatsunga kudzamisa kune chinodiwa chekupedzisira chemweya.
Zvekunaka kurondedzera aesthetics, kunyangwe izvi, nharo dzayo dzese dzakapinza iko kunzwa kwekusurukirwa kwese, kushoma kwekunze kwevanhu vanotongwa, pamusoro pezvose, nekutya uye kufungidzira kwakanaka kwekufa senge chete magumo evanhu vakazvipira kuchinangwa cheTsarism. .
Kuwedzera kune icho chinangwa chekuratidzira zvemukati menyika yake uye nekutsvaga mweya wakadzika wevanhu vake, Dostoyevski akatadza kunzvenga hupenyu hwake chaihwo sechinangwa chekunyora. Nekuti chinzvimbo chake chezvematongerwo enyika, chakamboonekwa, uye apo kuzvipira kwake kwekunyora kwaigona kutorwa sekune njodzi, kwakaguma kwave kumutungamira kune mutongo wechibharo muSiberia.
Sezvineiwo akapukunyuka chirango cherufu nokuda kwerangano uye, mushure mokushanda mauto eRussia sechikamu chechipiri chemutongo wake, akakwanisa kunyora zvakare. Pano pazasi imwe yeanonyanya kukoshesa editions e "Mhosva uye Kuranga":
Tolstoy. munyori wenhoroondo ane ngwavaira
Iyo Nhoroondo yeMabhuku inovaka zvimwe zvinoda kuziva, zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa kuve kupindirana mukufa (dzinofanirwa kunge dzaive nemaawa chete kuparadzaniswa) pakati pevanyori vaviri vepasirese: Cervantes naShakespeare. Uku kusangana kukuru kunouya pakubatana neiyo yakagovaniswa nemunyori yandinounza pano nhasi, Tolstoy nemunyika yake Dostoevskiy. Vanyori vaviri vakuru veRussia uye pasina mubvunzo pakati pezvakanakisa mumabhuku epasirese, vaivewo venguva imwe chete.
Rudzi rwekubatana kwemukana, mashiripiti kuenderana kwakakonzera iyi alliteration mundima dzezvakaitika. Zviri pachena ... kana tikabvunza chero munhu mazita evanyori vaviri veRussia, vaigona kutora iyi tandem yetsamba.
Sezvo zvaigona kufanofungidzirwa, venguva iyoyo vakafungidzira zvirevo zvakafanana. Tolstoy akatakurwawo neakasuruvarisa, mafirositi uye panguva imwecheteyo kupandukira kwakatenderedza nzanga yeRussia iyo ichakarongedzwa zvakadaro ... Realism senzvimbo yekutanga yekuziva uye kuda kuchinja. Kusatenda sekurudziro kweiyo iripo mamiriro uye yakajeka kwazvo muhunhu hwayo.
Heino imwe yeakanakisa edhisheni yebasa rake guru "Hondo neRunyararo":
Maxim Gorky. Russian intrahistory
Zvinocherechedzwa kuti nguva dzakaoma dzaigara muRussia pakati pezana ramakore rechiXNUMX nerechigumi nemaviri, dzaigona kufadza rondedzero yakasimba, yakatsoropodza, yemanzwiro, yakanyanyisa muhunhu hwevanhu hwenhamo, yakawedzera mukuda kwekuda kupa izwi kune nyika yakanyaradzwa ne Tsarism mune yekutanga chiitiko uye neyemutsiridzo gare gare.
Munyaya ye Maxim Gorky, neruzivo rwake Amai izvo zvakafanana zvinoitika kuna Dostoevsky neUtsotsi uye Kurangwa kana Tolstoy neHondo uye Runyararo. Izvo zvaive zvekutaura nyaya kuburikidza nevanyori vaigona kusanganisa manzwiro evanhu vakarangwa kare uye mweya yavo yaigara kutya, kusimba uye tariro yechimurenga icho pakupedzisira chakatonyanyisa, nekuti apo chikara chinoda chimwe chikara kuguma chakundwa, simba rinopedzisira rave iwo wega mutemo unobva mukukonana.
Saka zvishoma zviitiko zvekunyora zvakanyanyisa kupfuura kuverenga kwevavaridzi veRussia.Muchiitiko chaGorky, anogara aine chirevo chekurevererwa kwezvematongerwo enyika, zvisinei nekuti kubva pakutanga kwake pamwe naLennin uye kudzokera kudivi raStalin, hapana mubvunzo kuti vaimiririra kumuka kune hazvigoneke shanduko mune pfungwa yake yaakatora nechido. Kune avo vanoti mumazuva ake ekupedzisira akatambura munyama yake kudzvinyirirwa kwaStalin kwaakange asina imwe nzira yekuzvibata asi kutarisana nayo ...
Alexander Pushkin. kumuka kweRussian realism
Nekuverengwa kwenguva kuri nyore, Aleksandr pushkin anowana basa iroro rababa vemabhuku makuru echiRussia akazova mumaoko a Dostoevsky, Tolstoy kana Chekhov, iyo nhoroondo triumvirate yemabhii epasi rose. Nokuti, pasinei nekusiyana kwezvinyorwa uye kuchinja kwemaitiro emunguva yemunyori wega wega, mufananidzo wePushkin wainzi chikafu uye kufemerwa, pfungwa yakakosha yekuona yakanangana nepeni yake kune rudo rwakanga ruchiwedzera hutsinye, kusvika iyo yechokwadi yakashata. yakagadziridzwa kune yekufungidzira yega yega yevatatu magreat gare gare.
Kubva pamubhedha wake munyoro wehutongi, pushkin Nekudaro, akapedzisira ave kudzidzira semutauri anotsoropodza, nguva dzose kubva kune iyo yakavanzika yerudo poindi nguva dzose mumunyori nekuda kwedzidzo yake yakakwenenzverwa uye yake yekutanga detembo.
Asi Romanticism inogona zvakare kuve chishandiso chine simba chepfungwa chinopinda muvaverengi kubva mumanzwiro avo. Uye zvakanaka, icho chinangwa chinogoneka chakadudzirwa nemacensors eTsar, avo vaigara vainaye mukuona kwavo sechinangwa chekumukira kungangoitika.
Sezvo akaparadzaniswa kubva kumagariro ezvematongerwo enyika uye ezvematongerwo enyika, asingakwanise kutora matanho akasimba pamusoro pake nekuda kwemavambo ake ehutongi, Pushkin akanga achinangidzira rondedzero yake kune chokwadi chine simba chakasaswa nekuyemura kwake kusingarambiki kwerudzi irworwo rwemashiripiti, azere nengano. uye ngano, dzakajairwa nerudo rwekudzidziswa kwaaigara ari.
