Izincwadi ezi-3 ezihamba phambili zikaJosé Ortega y Gasset

Enye yempumelelo enkulu ye- isazi sefilosofi esikhulu UJosé Ortega y Gasset Kwakungokwami ​​ukuphakamisa ezikhathini eziningi ukuguqulwa kwefilosofi ku-idiosyncrasy yendawo ezungezile yomuntu ngamunye. Ukumisa ifilosofi njengento ewumcabango evamile kungasiza umsebenzi womcabango, wokucabanga okunengqondo, walowo mzamo oyiphutha wokuthinta ukuhlakanipha, kodwa ekugcineni awunawo ama-nuances ayisisekelo. Encwadini yakhe enkuluUkuzindla kukaDon Quixote", lokhu umfundi onenzuzo we Hegel uphenya kuleyo metavision eseduze naleyo monad lapho kuzalwa khona ukwazi komuntu ngamunye, okwenziwe eSpain, kulokhu.

Kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi izimfuno zefilosofi ngezombangazwe, ekhulwini lamashumi amabili lapho ukufunwa kwezazi zemibono kunoma iyiphi indawo kwakubalulekile, kwaholela kulokhu kulungiswa kokuhlakanipha okuhambisana nezidingo zomphakathi ezicace kakhulu endaweni ngayinye.

Kwakungasewona umbuzo wokuchichima ku-epistemology yokukhuluma kakhulu, kodwa esikhundleni sokuthola isisekelo sokuqondisa ukuziphendukela kwezenhlalakahle kumingcele lapho ukuziphatha, umthetho, umbono kanye nanoma yisiphi esinye isici esathinta wonke umphakathi ekushintsheni okuqhubekayo phakathi izingxabano zazigxilile nezihlukene.

Ukuzibophezela kwesazi sefilosofi njengomcabango okhululekile ngaso sonke isikhathi kugcina kungqubuzana nezithakazelo ezingamanga zezepolitiki zekhulu lama-20 ezisazinikele ekufundiseni.

ESpain yaseRiphabhulikhi eyayikhungathekile noma ekuqaleni kwempi yombango, u-Ortega y Gasset akazange avumelane nokubekwa kolunye uhlangothi noma olunye uhlangothi olwalufuna ukuhlonishwa kokugunyazwa kwalo ukuthethelelwa kwemibono ethile, futhi ngaleyo ndlela yagcina ibhekene nezinkinga. ukudingiswa okuphindaphindiwe ezikhathini ezintsha kwaze kwaba yilapho ebuyela kokugcina eSpain ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe.

Ku Uhlu olubanzi lwezincwadi ze-Ortega y Gasset singathola izincwadi zefilosofi yezenhlalo eyengeziwe zeSpain kanye neYurophu yekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili engaphansi kokukhathazeka ngemibono embi, kodwa futhi sithola leyo miqulu yefilosofi emsulwa ehlaziya futhi ifunde amafomula abanye ongqondongqondo abakhulu emlandweni. Nakuba imiqondo ngezinye izikhathi iminyene, ukulandisa kuka-Ortega y Gasset kuvumela ukufinyelela okungcono kulowo mkhakha wemibono okuhlale kuyifilosofi.

Izincwadi ezi-3 eziphezulu ezinconyiwe ngu-Ortega y Gasset

Ukuzindla kukaDon Quixote

Wonke umbhali, wonke umcabango uthola ezincwadini zakhe zokuqala isisekelo semibhalo yakhe yakamuva. Ifilimu yokuqala yesazi sefilosofi isimemezelo sezinhloso ezingathuthukiswa noma zilahlwe ekugcineni.

Kumayelana nokukhulisa ithisisi, kubheke okungase kube khona ama-antithesis phakathi nokuphila konke futhi kushiyelwe ukuhlanganiswa kwabo bonke abasondela kuwo wonke umsebenzi. Kule ncwadi sithola lokho kuhlangana phakathi kwefilosofi kanye ne-idiosyncrasy yaseSpain esengiyishilo ngaphambili.

Umsebenzi wokubhala womhlaba ongu-Don Quixote uqoqa isithombe esidingekayo ngombono wezwe kusukela kule nhlonhlo endala yase-Iberia futhi uma uDon Quixote onobuciko (obonakala eguqe embhedeni wakhe ezigcawini zokugcina) angadalula lokho umhlaba oyikho futhi lokho Aphethe imibono njengokucaciswa okungenzeka mayelana nokuphila nekusasa leYurophu kanye nempucuko yethu, lokhu kungaba ubufakazi bakhe. Iphuzu elidingekayo lokuqala ohambweni ukubhekana nalokho okubhalwe ngu-Ortega y Gasset.

Ukuhlubuka kobuningi

Noma iyiphi incwadi ekhuluma ngenhlalo yabantu kanye nepolitiki ngamabomu (futhi ngisho nangaphezulu ekhulwini lama-XNUMX) elinyakazayo lihlala lizama ukuxhumana nethrendi noma iqembu elithile.

Okufana nalokhu kwenzeke ngale ncwadi mayelana nokulingana komuntu ngamunye kanye nokusebenza koquqaba njengamaqembu ahlukahlukene futhi aqondeka kalula. Ukwethulwa komphakathi maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 njengendawo eyabelwe izindima zabantu ngabanye, ukunqoba ukuncika kusukela esikhathini esidlule, kodwa ukudala izikhala ezintsha ezingaxazululwa kalula ngokuhlanganiswa nobuningi kusondela njengenye yezinkinga ezinkulu.

Ingqinamba okukhulunywa ngayo kule ncwadi ngokombono wayo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezenhlalo lapho izixazululo zifunwa khona noma okungenani lokho kushiyeka kwethulwa, akucatshangwa ngaso sonke isikhathi ngumuntu ngokwakhe, okwaziyo ukudweba isiphetho esiphumelelayo noma esingaphansi ngokuzimela okukhulu.

Ubungcweti obudingekayo kusukela kuNguquko Yezimboni futhi bupheleliswe kuzo zonke izindawo zentuthuko yezenhlalakahle bungagcwalisa ubukhona, yonke into ebonakala ngaphansi kolwazi olungalungiswanga nhlobo endaweni yonke yemibono engenekayo.

Ukungazi ngamafuphi kuyisisekelo sokuzalela salokhu kuhlubuka koquqaba, okuqondiswe phezulu kwephiramidi yemibono eqondisa kabusha igebe elivalekile elincane, elokuphila ngale kokuzinikela noma isifiso sokuvelela senziwe ukusekela okubalulekile.

I-Invertebrate Spain

Akukaze kube buhlungu, kulezi zinsuku, ukusondela kule ncwadi ka-Ortega y Gasset echaza ukucushwa kweSpain ngokombono womphakathi. Umqondo oqanjwe ngu-Ortega y Gasset wesizathu esingokomlando uthola ingqikithi yawo ephelele kakhulu kule ncwadi.

Imvelo yomuntu ngamunye wale nhlonhlo endala ayinakubhekwa njengenhlangano yayo siqu. Ingxubevange yempucuko imele ukuhlanekezelwa kwanoma yimuphi umqondo weSpanishi (into, ngendlela, eyenzekayo noma kuphi emhlabeni yangena futhi yasuka empucukweni eyodwa iye kwenye)

Iphuzu liwukuthi ukunyakaza komlando kuphela okungasekela isakhiwo esikhulu noma esincane sombuso. Kusukela emhlabeni jikelele womhlaba kuya ikakhulukazi eSpain, umbhali ukhuluma ngayo yonke le nqubo yomlando eqhutshwa yizifundazwe, abalingiswa abathathwa njengezifanekiselo, ukucatshangelwa okungenakwenzeka kwakho konke kuhlakazwe ekuhlakazweni komqondo walelo zwe lokwenziwa njalo elihlinzeka isivikelo esingahlali sigcina semukelwe kahle futhi esingachazwa kabusha kalula kunoma yikuphi ukunyakaza komlando okwenzeka kusukela ePyrenees kuya eStrait of Gibraltar (yasekhaya)