Omunye wababhali abathole kahle kakhulu ukulingana phakathi kwesimo nengqikithi (inhloso yawo wonke ababhali ukuthi akwazi ukubamba abafundi abadinga ukufunda ngolimi olunothile kanye nalabo abazivumela ukuthi bathathwe isizinda esihle), Gustave Flaubert.
Ebusheni bakhe, uFlaubert wayengamelela kahle insizwa yamanje evela emndenini ocebile owayehloselwe ukuholwa ekuqeqeshweni kwezemfundo okuzonquma ikusasa elithembisayo (ngisho nakakhulu ngalezo zinsuku lapho abantu abasha abambalwa bengakwazi ukufunda).
Kodwa UFlaubertNaphezu kokuzama ukuthweswa iziqu zobumeli, ingqondo yakhe yayixakwe ukukhathazeka komdali ocashile. Izincwadi zaziyindlela yakhe, nakuba ayengakacaci nhlobo kuyo.
Eqinisweni, zimbalwa izinto ezicacile ezibonakala endleleni yokuphila yomlobi omkhulu. Akukho lutho lwempilo yasedolobheni lapho ungachuma khona njengendodana, noma ubudlelwano bothando bomphakathi oludumile, ngale kweshumi leminyaka elinesivunguvungu lokuzwana nokusula emsebenzini nembongi uLouise Colet.
Woza, i i-stereotype yomuntu ongaconformist ukuthi emkhakheni ofana nezincwadi kuphela ongathola umzila ngokumkhathazayo kanye ne-placebo yokuzola kwakhe ngokomzwelo nangokomqondo.
Futhi naphezu kokubukeka kukaFlaubert okungazinzile futhi okuqinile, umsebenzi wakhe wawunaleso sifiso okwase kuyisikhathi eside silindelwe sokuphelela, mhlawumbe ngokungafani nezwe lakhe elinezinkathazo.
Amanoveli aphezulu anconyiwe angu-3 kaGustave Flaubert
Madame Bovary
Njengenoveli emsulwa, awukho omunye umsebenzi osondela esicongweni se I-Quixote unjani. Ukwakhiwa komlingiswa ophelele futhi oyinkimbinkimbi njengoba u-Emma Bovary ekwazi ukugcwalisa zonke izigcawu. Konke kuzungeza u-Emma kanye nokulwa kwakhe nokumiselwe ngaphambili. Ishwa eliqhubekayo lilenga phezu kuka-Emma, ​​ephawulwa ukubekelwa isikhathi sakhe.
Futhi ngenxa yalokhu, isisekelo salokho for Vargas Llosa kungaba isiqephu esihle kunazo zonke esingaphansi komhlaba esihambisa inoveli, imifula emine emikhulu:
- Ukuhlubuka, ezika-Emma ezimholela ekubhekaneni nesivunguvungu sezimo zakhe.
- Ubudlova: lokho okuvela ngenxa yokunganeliseki, kusukela ekungakwazini ukuthola injabulo, kusukela ekubekweni okuvamile kokuziphatha komuntu ngamunye.
- UMelodrama: U-Emma, ​​​​njengomlingiswa uphelele. Lapho umfundi ethola umlingiswa ophelele futhi ekwazi ukuzwelana naye, ukulandisa kuba idrama yayo siqu eyeqa ukufundwa futhi isakaze umphefumulo womfundi.
- Ucansi: Ukuqaphela amandla endaba yocansi ngokufafaza umsebenzi wobuhlakani onjengokufunda kuyi-binomial engenaphutha hhayi nje ukuvuselela indaba kodwa nokusondeza imikhankaso ekuhlakanipheni.
U-Emma mhlawumbe ungumlingiswa wesifazane wokuqala omkhulu okhululwe ebuhleni obunesisindo futhi abesifazane abanomkhawulo.
Isilingo seSan Antonio
Umoya kaFlaubert wazulazula phakathi kokukhathazeka okungakhululekile, lezo zinhlobo zokukhathazeka manje ezingathela izithelo kokuthile okuhle njengoba zigcina zikhubazeke noma zisiqhelelanise nezwe lonke.
Le noveli, ephakathi kwencazelo yefilosofi kanye ne-Dantesque adventure, isisondeza eduze nethiyetha yomuntu, ekuphileni njengesamba sabalingiswa be-hitrionic ngaphandle kweze, esandleni esingenalutho esenza yonke into isondele ekuhlulekeni kokuba khona nokufa.
Isilingo sikadeveli sinengqondo kulesi simo. Ukuvumela usathane wazi ukuthi akukho lutho lwethiyetha yempilo olunganelisa kakhulu kulula kakhulu. Ukunganqotshwa yindaba yokuzizwa ujabule ngawe futhi ukholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka kube khona okuthethelela ubunzima, ngaphandle kokucabanga ukude ukuthi kungaba yini.
Izinkumbulo zobuhlanya
Naphezu kwalokho okungase kuthathwe esihlokweni, lesi sihloko sihlanganisa ngokunembile umbono oqonde ekucaceni. Umuntu uhlela kabusha iqiniso lakhe, alibolise.
Lapho ekwazi ukuqeda ubuyena, ekugcineni angaphila ukukhohlisa kwakhe okukhazimulayo, indawo ecatshangelwayo lapho ezuza khona udumo, inkazimulo, ubulili nokunethezeka. Uhlanya oluphelele olufeza yonke into ngaphandle kokuhlupheka ngenxa yokuphila kwakhe okulahliwe ngokomzimba.
Abanye abafana naye bambiza ngokuthi uyahlanya, iqiniso lingase libe ukuthi wonke umuntu uyahlanya, okungenani labo abangabambi iqhaza kulo mhlaba omangalisayo owadalwa futhi onokubonisa kwawo kwangempela kwamanye amazinga omphakathi.
Izigaba eziphezulu zenhlalo yizo ezigcina zicabangela abanye ngokuvikeleka kanye nesiqiniseko esiphelele sokuthi bahamba bezulazula njengohlanya befuna lokho abangasoze baba yikho kulolu hlangothi lweqiniso.
