Izincwadi ezi-3 ezihamba phambili zika-Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Namuhla siletha umbhali ohlukile njengo U-Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn okuthi, ukuze silinge ukumhlukanisa, kuzodingeka sicabange ngengxube phakathi kwe-dystopian-political perfectionism of George Orwell; ubukhona obukhona bukhawulelwe endabeni kepha bukhulu kakhulu ekuqageleni kwayo kwe- EChekhov; kanye nokuba ngokoqobo kwezimo zakhe ezidabukisayo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, akuzange kugwenywe ngokusekelwe emibonweni yakhe engenakugwenywa.

Ngoba u-Aleksandr omdala omuhle (okungcono angaphakamisi ukuphimisa isibongo sakhe kahle), ngokubheka kwakhe ku- Isaka Asimov, yayihlala ihambisana nombono wakhe wezwe. Ngokufanayo lapho eya phambili ukuze avikele iRussia kumaNazi, futhi kamuva lapho ezama ukumthulisa ngokuchaza izici zamanye amasiko ezazingahambisani nomcabango wamaSoviet.

Wagcina engenile kanjalo-ke ku-gulag futhi yile ndlela labo ababemthume lapho abakwenza kwaba lula usizi lwalawo makamu okuboshwa nokuxhashazwa ukuthi lwaziwe emhlabeni wonke lapho u-Aleksandr ebeka unya lombuso wamaKhomanisi waseRussia kumnyama nokumhlophe. .

Inoveli, i-biography, ubufakazi kanye nomlando kuthola u-Aleksandr lobo bunye obungenakunyakaziswa bomuntu, okungenzeka kubaluleke kakhulu emsebenzini wakhe wokufinyelela kuNobel Prize ku-Literature 1970.

Izincwadi Ezinconyelwe eziphezulu ezi-3 zika-Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Iziqhingi zaseGulag

Ukubalwa konya olwenziwa umbuso wamaSoviet iminyaka engaphezu kwengama-30 kwanele emiqulu eminingi. Kusukela ngaphambi kuka-1930 kuze kube u-1960, noma ubani owayengavumelani, engakhululekile, noma owayevele ekhethelwe yedwa wayengahamba ayohlala kwelinye lamakamu aseGulag, kanye nezigebengu zemivimbo yonke. Kodwa ngo-1958, ngemva kweminyaka emibili ephunyukile, wazinikela ekubhaleni lokho akubona nabhekana nakho phakathi kwesimiso sejele esinonya. Futhi akukho okwasala epayipini.

Kulo mbhalo oyisikhumbuzo, uSolzhenitsyn, owayevalelwe kwelinye lala makamu, uvuselela impilo yakhe embonini yejele ngezikhathi zeSoviet Union, futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwakhe kuba uhambo lokwesaba, ubuhlungu, amakhaza, indlala nokufa. okwathi umbuso wobushiqela uthulisa konke ukungezwani. Imiqulu emithathu kubhekiselwe kuyo ngezansi. Amakhasi angaphezu kuka-2.000 esewonke ukwethula emhlabeni ukuhlupheka kwezizukulwane nezizukulwane zabantu baseRussia abangaphansi kobushiqela bobugebengu obukhulu kakhulu. Mhlawumbe awukaze uvezwe kangako ekukhanyeni nakubabhali be-Nazism, kodwa njengobuwula nje.

Usuku empilweni ka-Ivan Denisovich

Ngaphezu kokulungisa udaba lwe-Gulag ngokombono wokulandelana kwezikhathi, ingxenye engokomzwelo yokuthi leso sikhathi sempilo esihogweni esiyiqhwa sisho ukuthini, kuboniswe kulolu hlobo lwenoveli olufafazwe ngeqiniso, ngokunengqondo.

Esebenzisa umbono okhululekile wenoveli, osivumela ukuba sihlole izici ezithile zabalingisi baleyo nhlekelele, umbhali usethula ngo-Iván Denisovih obhekene nezinsuku zakhe zokugcina zesigwebo. I-Stockholm syndrome engavela ensimini. umsebenzi ophoqelelwe ku-gulag uthola e-Iván inani lesintu esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ngoba yonke into yakudala iyisikhathi esilahlekile, yaphila kuphela.

Futhi ezimweni ezinhle kakhulu ezifana nezika-Ivan, phakathi kweminyaka yobudala encane ngokwanele ukuba uphile..., futhi ucabange ukuthi impilo yakho yebiwe esihogweni. Okubi kunakho konke ku-Ivan ukukhanya kwesigwebo sakhe, iphutha elimhlanganisa nembuka, umhlukumezi, inhloli lapho enza ngokunembile okuphambene, ebalekela amaNazi ukuze abuyele ebuthweni lakhe elithandekayo laseRussia.

Akekho ongcono kuno-Ivan, nomuzwa wokuphelelwa ithemba wempambano yemigwaqo ebalulekile phakathi kwalokho okwakukhona kanye nalokho okusele kuye, ukuqonda umuzwa omangalisayo walawo majele aseSoviet azimisele ukucekela phansi nokucekela phansi ukwazi kwanoma ubani owayedlula lapho. Saya ku-Ivan ngolunye usuku kuphela. Kwanele ukukucabanga, mhlawumbe ngendlela enembe kakhulu, ukuthi lokho bekungaba njani ekuphumeni kwelanga okungapheli elangeni elimakhaza elingawakhanyiseli kulawo mazwe.

Umbuthano wokuqala

Kule noveli u-Aleksandr uba UJohn le Carré. Kuphela endabeni yomlobi waseRussia, eyazi isizinda sakhe njengenqaba yeqiniso ye-USSR, le ndaba ithatha isici esihlukile. Eqinisweni, ekugcineni sibuyela endaweni yonke ye-gulag kanye nesistimu yayo ye-infernal yamajele eyayixhaphaza wonke umuntu owayedlula lapho. I-Gulag iwukuthi, imibuthano yesihogo kaDante, eholwa kuleli cala nguVirgil ohlambalaza ukuhlambalaza kweSoviet, njengokungathi konke kwakungenxa yenzuzo enkulu, izwe elingakwazi ukulahla noma yikuphi ukuphila okusongela noma umbono.

Kepha ngasikhathi sinye le ncwadi ingenye into, iyinoveli eshubile yokufuna umphimbo ojulile, izwi elixwayisa i-United States ngemiklamo ye-athomu yaseSoviet. Futhi amandla e-athomu ayephakathi kwempi ebandayo, kanye nomjaho wasemkhathini, izinselelo ezimbili ezinkulu, izimpi ezingenasisekelo zomunye nomunye, njengemidlalo ye-macabre.

Igama livela eMnyangweni Wezangaphandle WaseRussia uqobo. Ngaphandle kokuthi akekho ovela ku-KGB okwaziyo ukuthola umthumeli womlayezo, uqoshwe ngokunengqondo, njengezinto eziningi ezigadwe ubuholi baseSoviet. kososayensi abavalelwe lapho ngenxa yemvelo yabo esongelayo... Futhi uma umuntu engazidaluli ubunikazi bakhe, wonke umuntu angase akhokhe inani...