Izincwadi zesiRashiya zine-Angazi ukuthi yini i-melancholy, njengokuthatha iqhwa ngokulindela intwasahlobo engeke yanele ukududuza umphefumulo. Impela ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ababhali abaningi abakhulu baseRussia basinikeza ibhalansi emangalisayo phakathi kokulangazelela kwabo iziqephu zezenzo ezibukhoma lapho abalingiswa babo becwiliswa ekulindeni okukhona okubhekana nayo yonke into kusukela komphakathi kuya kowomuntu siqu kakhulu.
Izimo nazo ziyasiza, kunjalo. Futhi ngokwazi inhloso yami yokuhlenga ababhali abahamba phambili bezwe ngalinye, sibuyela emuva ngekhulu le-XNUMX, sizithola sineRussia ehlala ixakile, enokwehluka okuphawuliwe kungaba ngama-czars noma ngabaholi baseSoviet abagcina ngokuphindaphinda. ukuziphatha kwababusi baseRussia bangaphambili. Izindida zabantu kakhulu.
Ngakho-ke, ukuxoxela ababhali abakhulu abafana noDostoiveski noma uChekhov kungase kube isithakazelo esingapheli lapho kamuva bengeza imizwa yabo phakathi kokudangala, ukuhlukaniswa kanye nokuthintana kwezothando ngezikhathi ezithile, okuhlungwe ithemba lobukhazikhazi obungaqedi ukufika. .
Ifa lababhali baseRussia abakhulu kakhulu lithatha izintambo kubabhali abasha bamanje nabo abagqamayo ngokuwela iqhwa lapho izinkanuko zazihlala zichuma khona futhi emkhakheni wezombhalo ugqashuka ubheke ezindaweni ezingalindelekile phakathi kwababhali abaningi bamanje abahle.
Ababhali abaphambili aba-5 baseRussia abahamba phambili
Chekhov. Izingqikithi zesiRashiya endabeni
Ngokuqondene nokulandisa okufushane, U-Anton Chekhov iba yindawo eyisethenjwa eyisisekelo yabo bonke labo abathandana nokufushane, nokuhlanganiswa, ngezindaba ezincane kakhulu ezingadlulisa lokho okushiwo umhlaba okusala kulokho okuphakanyiswayo, kulokho okumenyezelwe nje.
Indaba iyikhefu lempilo yomuntu, ukufundwa okuphelele okungakujabulela ohambweni oluya kunoma iyiphi indawo noma njengokuhambisana ngaphambi kokulala. Futhi kulokho kuphelela okufushane IChekhov isebenza njengengcweti enkulu kunazo zonke. Ukuzinikela kwakho emfushane, njengombhali, kungathathwa njengephuzu elikhungathekisayo. Wonke umbalisi ubonakala ekhomba inoveli yakhe yokugcina, leyo evulela indawo ephelele ephelele futhi eyinkimbinkimbi.
UChekhov akakaze abhale inoveli ngomqondo womsebenzi omningi futhi oqoshwe ngendlela ecacile, ukuthuthukiswa nokuvalwa. Futhi nokho umsebenzi wakhe usaphila kuze kube namuhla ngamandla afanayo nalelo elinye izwi. Ngokwezinga lokuthi, kanye ne UTolstoy y UDostoyevsky, iqamba i-trilogy engenakuqhathaniswa yezincwadi zaseRussia nezomhlaba, ngokwahluka nokujula kwayo.
Ukuqala kwayo kwaphawulwa ngesidingo. Ababhali njengohlobo lwababhali bezindaba eziqanjiwe babefunwa kakhulu ngesikhathi sikaChekhov. Lapho esehlanganisiwe, akazange ayeke ukubhala mayelana nalokhu kafushane, ngombono we-anecdotal, yesehlakalo esiyingqayizivele njengokubonakaliswa okuhle kakhulu kokuthi singobani. Enye yezinhlanganisela zakhe zamanje, nansi:
Dostoevsky. iqiniso eliyinkimbinkimbi
Akekho ongasho ukuthi uDostoyevsky wanikela ezandleni zezincwadi ngenxa yabalobi bezothando. Uma okuthile kungagqanyiswa ku- uDostoyevsky omkhulu Kungukushuba ngaphakathi komqondo ovusa isithunzi womuntu ngamunye wezinhlamvu zawo.
Kepha kwaba njalo. Ukunyakaza kothando, okuthi, yize wayesebanjiwe maphakathi nokubuyela kwakhe emuva, kwakusenethonya eliyisisekelo ekufundweni okwakusebenza njengokudla kokuqala kukaFyodor.
Okumele kwenzeke ukuthi lo mbhali uthole ukuthi iqiniso linenkani. Izimo zokudidizela kanye nokuwohloka komphakathi kwabantu baseRussia kugcine ngokuletha olunye uhlobo lwama-muses olunengqondo kakhulu futhi ezimisele ukujula esidingweni sokugcina somphefumulo.
Yobuciko obuhle bokulandisa, naphezu kwalokhu, ukuphikisana kwayo okujwayelekile kwamunca lowo muzwa wesithukuthezi ojwayelekile, okukhishwe ngaphandle kwabantu ababuswa, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngokwesaba nokucabanga okunomusa kokufa njengokuphela kwabantu abazinikele enjongweni yeTsarism. .
Ngaphezu kwaleyo nhloso yokubonisa ingaphakathi lomphakathi wezwe lakhe nokuthi ufuna umphefumulo ojulile wabalingiswa bakhe, uDostoyevski akakwazanga ukukugwema okwenzeka empilweni yakhe njengesisusa sokubhala. Ngoba isikhundla sakhe kwezepolitiki, esake sabonakala, nalapho ukuzinikela kwakhe kwezemibhalo kwase kungathathwa njengokuyingozi, kwagcina kumholele esigwebweni sokusebenza ngenkani eSiberia.
Ngenhlanhla waphunyula isigwebo sentambo ngozungu futhi, ngemva kokukhonza ibutho laseRussia njengengxenye yesibili yesigwebo sakhe, wakwazi ukubhala futhi. Lapha ngezansi olunye lwezinhlelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-«Ubugebengu Nesijeziso»:
Tolstoy. umlobeli odabukisayo
I-History of Literature inezinto ezithile ezifuna ukwazi, ezaziwa kakhulu njengokuvumelanisa ekufeni (kumele ngabe zazihlukaniswe ngamahora kuphela) phakathi kwababhali ababili bendawo yonke: uCervantes noShakespeare. Lokhu kuqondana okukhulu kwenzeka kuhlangane naleyo eyabiwe ngumlobi engiyiletha lapha namuhla, UTolstoy nomuntu wakubo UDostoyevsky. Ababhali ababili abakhulu baseRussia futhi ngokungangabazeki phakathi kwabaphambili emibhalweni yomhlaba, nabo babephila ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Uhlobo lokuhlangana kwamathuba, ukuvumelanisa komlingo kubangele lokhu kuhlangana kwamavesi omlando. Kusobala ... uma singabuza noma ngubani amagama ababhali ababili baseRussia, bangacaphuna lo mugqa wezinhlamvu.
Njengoba kungabikezelwa, isikhathi samanje sithatha ama-analytical thematic. UTolstoy waphinde wathatheka yisimo esibuhlungu, esakholelwa esikhathini esizayo futhi ngasikhathi sinye imizwa yokuhlubuka ezungeze umphakathi waseRussia osaboshwe kanjalo namanje… Iqiniso njengendawo yokuqala yokwazisa nentando yokushintsha. I-Pessimism njengesikhuthazo sesimo se-existentialist futhi esikhazimula ngokweqile ebuntwini bayo.
Nansi enye yezinhlelo ezinhle kakhulu zomsebenzi wakhe omkhulu othi "Impi Nokuthula":
UMaxim Gorky. I-intrahistory yaseRussia
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izikhathi ezinzima ezazihlala eRussia phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX, zazingavuna leyondaba ejulile, ebucayi, engokomzwelo, eyeqisayo ezinhlakalweni zomuntu zosizi, eyandisa intando yokufuna ukunikeza izwi ezweni elithuliswe yi I-Tsarism okokuqala nangenguquko kamuva.
Endabeni UMaxim Gorky, ngenoveli yakhe ethi The Mother kwenzeka okufanayo nakuDostoevsky ngobugebengu nokujeziswa noma uTolstoy onempi nokuthula. Kwakumayelana nokuxoxa le ndaba ngabalingiswa abangakwazi ukuhlanganisa imizwa yabantu abajeziswa ngokomlando futhi imiphefumulo yabo yayihlala ngokwesaba, ukuqina nethemba lenguquko ekugcineni eyayimbi kakhulu, ngoba lapho lesi silo sidinga esinye isilo esizophela ehluliwe, amandla agcina kungukuphela komthetho odalwa yingxabano.
Kunokuhlangenwe nakho okumbalwa kwemibhalo okujule kakhulu kunokufundwa kwalaba balandisi baseRussia.Ngokwecala likaGorky, ngaso sonke isikhathi enephuzu lokulwelwa kwezepolitiki, ngaphandle kokuthi kusukela ekuqaleni kwakhe eceleni kukaLennin nokubuyela kwakhe ohlangothini lukaStalin, ngokungangabazeki bekumele ukuvuka akunakwenzeka ukuguqulwa emcabangweni wakhe abambe iqhaza ngentshiseko. Kukhona labo abathi ezinsukwini zakhe zokugcina wahlupheka enyameni yakhe ingcindezelo kaStalin eyayingenayo enye indlela yokuziphatha ngaphandle kokubhekana nayo ...
Alexander Pushkin. ukuvuswa kwamaqiniso aseRussia
Ukuze uthole ukulandelana kwezikhathi okulula, Isikhumba sika-Aleksandr uthola leyo ndima kababa wezincwadi ezinkulu zaseRussia ezafika kamuva ezandleni zika Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy noma Chekhov, leyo nhlonipho elandisayo yezinhlamvu zomhlaba wonke. Ngoba, naphezu kokungafani ngokwethembeka kanye noshintsho lwendlela ejwayelekile ngezikhathi zombalisi ngamunye, isibalo sikaPushkin okuthiwa ukudla nokukhuthazwa, umbono obucayi obhekiswe epeni lakhe ekubhekaneni nothando olwaluqala ukuba luhlaza ivumelaniswe nomcabango ngamunye wama-greats amathathu akamuva.
Kusukela ekuzalweni kwakhe okuhloniphekile, I-Pushkin Kodwa-ke, wagcina esebenza njengomlandisi obucayi, ngaso sonke isikhathi kusuka kulelo phuzu lezothando elifihliwe njalo kumbhali ngenxa yemfundo yakhe ecwengekile nokuqondiswa kwakhe kokuqala kwezinkondlo.
Kodwa I-Romanticism futhi ingaba ithuluzi elinamandla lokuqonda elihlasela abafundi ngemizwa yabo. Futhi ukuthi abaphenyi be-Tsar bahumushe leyo nhloso engenzeka, ababehlala benokubona kwabo njengokugxila ekuvukeleni.
Ukwehlukaniswa nezikhungo zemizwa zezenhlalo nezombusazwe, ngaphandle kokumthathela izinyathelo ezinqala ngenxa yemvelaphi yakhe yobukhosi, uPushkin wayeqondisa ukwakheka kwakhe kokulandisa kubhekiswe ebuqinisweni obunamandla obugcwele ukwazisa kwakhe okungenakuphikwa kwalolo hlobo lwemikhuba yemilingo, egcwele izinganekwane nezinganekwane, ezejwayelekile kwezothando lokuqeqeshwa ayehlala eyikho.
