Isizwe ngasinye sinezimpande ezahlukahlukene njengenhlanganisela yabantu ezikhathini eziningi ezingqubuzanayo. ISpain bekungeke kube okuhlukile futhi ukwakheka kwayo kuqhamuka kwimifelandawonye engalindelekile, ama-vagaries edalelwe nokusondela, ikakhulukazi lokho kusondelana, okungaphezu kwamaphupho amnandi okwehlukaniswa kwabantu abanentshisekelo, okuchaza kubakhileyo bezindawo ezithile zale planethi ukufana okusobala. Iqiniso nje lokuthi ungowesizwe esithile, esinendawo evame njengenhlonhlo futhi enwetshiwe ekuxubeni, alikwazi ukusungula izinto ezahlukanisayo ngaphandle kokucabanga okusunguliwe.
Yenza izincwadi zalesi noma esinye isici mayelana umlando waseSpain inezingozi zayo. Ngoba ngale kwe- izinganekwane zomlando lapho konke kungabhekelwa khona, izincwadi zomlando njengezici ezifundisayo zibeka engcupheni yokuba ngamathuluzi ezepolitiki. Ngakho-ke kufanele ujikeleze kahle ukuthola lezo izincwadi ezikhuluma ngomlando waseSpain ukuthi zisekelwe emibhalweni eqinile futhi ezidweba izinganekwane ezilandisayo zokwenza umsebenzi omuhle wesazi-mlando ube nentshisekelo yokwenza kwaziwe, ngaso sonke isikhathi sinamandla okuvulela okutholakele nokwenziwayo ngokuqhathanisa ngokuqhathanisa imithombo ehlukene.
Abekho abambalwa abangamaSpanishi abangaphesheya kwemingcele yethu abazinikele odabeni lwendaba yokuthi yini iSpanishi ngaleyo nqiniseko ebonakala inika umlando we-asepsis, inkululeko yenqubo. Wonke lawa macala ashiywe njengamaqhinga futhi enza isithombe semibala salokho okuyiSpanishi okufana nohambo oluthakazelisayo lapho kungenandawo yezakhiwo zamanga noma abaFarisi abakwaziyo ukusungula izinsalela zamanga ukubeka ingxenye ethile yeSpain ngaphambi kwalo njengomlando omkhulu amalungelo ... Akuyona into yami, unga. qaphela lapha njengesiboniso samandla amabutho e-separatist 'okwenza amanga konke. Icala elibi nakakhulu kune-Catalan INH ekhohlisayo ...
Ngaphandle kombala wegazi wefulegi (kuthiwani uma silishiya libomvu, liphuzi futhi libomvu ngaphandle kwesihlangu? Indawo ephakathi nendawo phakathi kwe-tricolor kanye ne-monarchists), kuyathakazelisa kakhulu ukucabanga ngenyunyana ngenxa yeqiniso lokho kusondelana kwetroir. Ngoba abahlukanisi banganoma iyiphi indawo bahlala emqondweni wabo, e-Ithaca abazulazula olwandle lomhlaba obaphika isimo sabo… ukukhohlisa.
Izincwadi zomlando ezi-3 eziphezulu kakhulu zaseSpain
Umlando waseSpain, ngu-Arturo Pérez Reverte
Umqondo wokuba iSpanish namuhla udakwe yimibono, imibono, izakhiwo kanye nesithunzi eside sokusola ngobunikazi obusebenza njengembangela yengxabano eqhubekayo mayelana nokuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba iSpanish. Amalebula neManichaeism akala phansi noma yimuphi umqondo wokuthi yini eyiSpanishi, esivuna bonke labo abakha uzungu ngokumelene neqiniso nje lokuba khona, ukuligcwalisa ngecala, ukusondela kulo kusukela entweni ethakazelayo yomzuzu othola amapasi amnyama ukusizakala.
Umqondo osebenza ngokuzikhandla wokuthi iSpain manje iyafana nangesikhathi yayihlala futhi ihlukaniswa yiqembu elithile, icabanga ukwamukelwa ngokuphelele ukuthi konke kulahlekile, ukuthi labo abaguqule ngaphansi kwesigaxa esisodwa bazigcinele bona phambi kwalabo ababethanda ngobuningi nokwehlukahluka. Ukukhohlakala kobunikazi bukazwelonke okuthi, njenganoma yimuphi omunye, obunezibani kanye nezithunzi zawo futhi, ekugcineni, akufanele kube ngezomqondo othile kepha kube yilabo abahlala kuleso sifiso sezwe esingajwayelekile futhi esiminyene.
Kungakho kungalokothi kube buhlungu ukunaka umbhali oyisisekelo wezinsuku zethu. Umbhali osebenza ngaphandle kokuphikisana ngombangela wobunikazi kusuka ku-anecdotal kuya kokubalulekile. Ngoba lolu hlobo lokuhlanganiswa kwemicabango lunezikhala ezihluke kakhulu zesikhashana ze-paneriama yase-Iberia lapho ama-rogues, ama-scoundrels, abaqambimanga, izixhumi zesenzo kanye ne-indoctrinators ngaphandle kwemfundiso yabo bekhula futhi bechuma, kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zebanga mbumbulu.
Futhi ngithi "mbumbulu" ngikubeka ngaphambi kwemibono ngoba empeleni, ezikhathini eziningi kumayelana nalokho, ukukhumula amanga, ukukhombisa amanga, ukubhala nesitatimende esibuhlungu kakhulu sikaPérez Reverte sokugcina ukumaka ngamunye ngezinsizi zabo.
Ukuziqhenya ngokuba iSpanish noma isiPutukezi noma isiFulentshi kuhlala ebukhazikhazini babantu abasakhululekile kuleso senzo sokuziphatha okuya emangeni. Ukuze babhekane nobuzwe obucatshangelwayo, abantu abasha baseSpain abacasukile bagqoka ifulegi eliphambene nalo, lelo abagqoka ngokweqiniso nangokuhlanzeka, elingakaze livikele izikhohlakali lapho zingezona izigebengu. Njengokungathi abantu ababi bebengaba sohlangothini olulodwa, sengathi ukucabanga okuhlukile kunabo bekuzocwila kuleyo ndawo okuthiwa iSpain emnyama ukuthi uma ikhona kungenxa yesibindi esinamandla lapho abanye bebheka ngamehlo ayizolo kuphela, kanti abanye, njengoba impendulo ebuhlungu, baphathiswe imimoya yakudala.
Ngoba akufani nokuphinda ukubuyiselwa kwamalungelo nokuhlonishwa okulungile kwanoma iyiphi impi kunokuzenza ngathi ucwilisa konke okunye ngehlazo, kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku nakho konke okuhamba ngejubane elifanayo.
Umlando kaPérez Reverte uyisikhala sokukhuluma ngokukhululeka, ngaphandle kolimi oluvinjelwe abalungile kwezepolitiki, ngaphandle kwezikweletu nabasekeli balo, ngaphandle kokuzibophezela okutholakele nangaphandle kwenhloso yokubhala umlando omusha. Umlando uyimibono futhi, inqobo nje uma lokhu kungekona lokho okusakazwa ngamanga okusizakala.
Konke kuthobekile. Futhi lokho kwaziwa kakhulu ngumlobi owenza uzwela lube yithuluzi lokuhweba. Ngakho-ke sithola le ncwadi ekhuluma ngesihluku lapho unya lwalungumthetho futhi evula ukungqubuzana lapho ukungqubuzana kwemibono kwaholela esivunguvungwini.
ISpain, isamba sezizwe ngokusho kobani abakubonayo, iphrojekthi ngokuxhuma okulula kwendawo, izwe lakubo yi-hodgepodge eyabiwe ukusuka ePyrenees kuya eGibraltar. Konke kumuntu osenkingeni ejwayelekile, ukubamba iqhaza ezikhathini ezikhazimulayo noma amakhasi amnyama, kuya ngokuthi bafuna ukufunda kanjani.
UPérez Reverte yizwi lochwepheshe kulokho kobunikazi bezindwangu ezishisayo okungamafulegi, indaba yokuthi le Spain ingaba yini lapho into enhle kunazo zonke, ukubheka abanye njengabalinganayo futhi sijabulele izinto zabo lapho sihamba lobo buhlakani obumangazayo besidwedwe esikhulisiwe esikude. Okuncane noma okunye iSpain, ngisho nencwadi esongela iculo. I-Royal March ukuthi ngisho nemvelaphi yayo ilahlekile ngokutholwa okunamandla kokudala.
Umlando waseSpain utshelwe abagxeki, ngu-slav galán
Kwenzeka njengayo yonke into. Lapho nje ubuciko noma isifundo senziwe kahle, umuntu angaba namandla okuzibandakanya emininingwaneni, ukushintsha isigqi esijwayelekile izinto ezethulwa ngaso. Futhi ungethula ngisho nombono wakho odabeni inqobo nje uma leso sici sokuhumusha sivezwa. Ngoba yebo, emlandweni kunezikhala futhi kunezikhala lapho ukucabanga kugcwalisa lokho umlando ongafinyeleli ngokuphelele.
Kukhona labo abawufaka ngokuvuselela umlando futhi labo abenza kanjalo ngokuqagela ukuthi ngamunye angabaluleka. Umehluko osobala phakathi kokufundiswa okungenampilo nganoma yisiphi isizathu, ngokwehlukana kwethu, kanye nesiphakamiso sokucwaninga noma ukuhlaziya esimweni sengqondo evulekile ngokwengeziwe ...
Kusukela kumlando wokuqala kuya ePodemos, umbhali ubuyekeza umlando wezwe lethu uwutshela ngendlela yokuqala nejabulisayo ezodonsa abafundi. Lo ngumlando waseSpain okuthi, njengoba umbhali ngokwakhe esitshela, angazenzi okhuluma iqiniso, onobulungiswa futhi onothando, ngoba awukho umlando onjalo. Ayenzelwanga ukuthopha amakhosi nababusi, futhi ayihlosile ukuthopha abasebenza emabhange, noma iNgqungquthela ye-Episcopal, noma umphakathi wezitabane, noma i-philatelic, noma izinyunyana.
Lona ngumsebenzi okwazi ukufundisa, ukwazisa nokujabulisa ngezingxenye ezilinganayo, obhalwe ngesitayela sokufundisa esingaqondakali sika-Eslava Galán, lapho kufakwa khona indaba yemicimbi emikhulu kuleyo yama-anecdotes anelukuluku nelingaziwa lama-protagonists omlando wethu . Kuyo yonke into, umsebenzi ongaphuthelwa.
Abantu abakhashelwe, nguPaul preston
Njengoba kunikezwe imininingwane yezinkathi ezahlukahlukene zaseSpain, uPaul Preston uthatha ikhekhe kulelo tinderbox okwakuyikhulu lamashumi amabili leSpain elalizama ukuqonda izimpande phakathi kokukhaphela, ubudlova nenzondo enamandla, mhlawumbe eyayizalwa yizinhlekelele zamakoloni zekhulu elidlule futhi ekhula phakathi kosizi lwabo.
Ngenkathi kubhalwa uLazarillo de Tormes, ubuhlakani bokukhula kweSpain, leyo ngxube phakathi kwesimo sokusinda kanye nezifiso zawo wonke ama-botarate abandakanyeka ku-regidor noma kosopolitiki, kwakusanda kugwetshwa ngokuzalwa.
Akukhona ukuthi bonke babekhona, kepha phakathi kwabo bonke abafinyelela emandleni, iningi lalabo balingisi bomhlahlandlela, balulama ngenxa yalezi zinhloso emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka kamuva Inclán Valley. Umbukeli onobuhlakani nomlobi onolwazi onekhono njengoPaul Preston uzomangala ngokuncishwa impumelelo kwabaqondisi abaningi abanobuhlakani abathanda iziqu ezinomqondo omubi abathi cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi, njengakumanoveli amnyama kakhulu, bagcine benqobile.
Encwadini ebanzi yezincwadi zalo mlobi waseNgilandi, le volumu isebenza njengesihlanganisi noma okungenani njengesihlanganiso sezincazelo ezifanele zekhulu lama-XNUMX eliphawuleke kakhulu ngobushiqela noma ngenkohlakalo futhi naphezu kwalokhu futhi kweqiwa ezimeni ezikude kakhulu ze ezombusazwe, ezandleni zokungakwazi ukungena kaningi. Yize ekugcineni kulandela ukuthi kwakungekhona ukungabi namakhono alula kepha ukusebenzela abantu abaphezulu lapho zombili izinhlangothi zaziqhubekisela phambili isimo esidabukisayo.
Lokho kungukukhaphela okukhulu, ukunakekelwa kwemisebenzi enikezwa njengesiqondiso esigxilile, isiko elonakalisayo eliguqula osopolitiki kunabazenzisi babe ngabasekeli abangakaze babheke izidingo zomphakathi ngaphezu kwesisekelo esincane esihlale sinqotshwa amakilasi athandwayo. Kepha-ke, konke lokhu kungukuncishwa kwami ​​kusuka endabeni ye-aseptic egxile emaqinisweni ukuze umfundi agcine esahlulela futhi athumele ukugxekwa.
Ezinye izincwadi ezithokozisayo ngomlando waseSpain ...
I-Invention of Spain, nguHenry Kamen
Ngiyasithanda lesi sihloko ngoba yebo, kufanele sazi ukuthi iSpain yinto eqanjiwe, iyakhiwa. Ngendlela efanayo neJalimane noma neChina. Ngoba kukhona kuphela i-pangea endala esakazeka phakathi kwezilwandle lapho kuthanda khona izingcwephe ze-tectonic. Umbuzo uthi intando yokufuna ukuba ngowakho, ukuhlala ezweni elilodwa noma ukuzibandakanya emaphusheni okuphumelela ngaphansi kokuchuma kwezomnotho okufezwe kaningi kusuka enanini lokukhohlisa elisizakala kuphela ngokuhlukaniswa, hhayi omunye umuntu.
Izizwe azizalwanga: ziyavela futhi zidaliwe, zivela emizabalazweni nasethembeni futhi ziyaqhubeka zibonga isibindi sabantu bazo. Ngomqondo ongokoqobo, "akhiqizwa", hhayi ngoba akhuthazwa ngamanga, kepha ngoba alangazelela iqiniso, ngoba bekulokhu kunemibono ehlukile futhi ephikisanayo ebambe iqhaza ekwakheni izwe. Le ncwadi ingukuhlaziywa kweminye yemibono ehlukile eye yaqhubeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi isize ukwakha umbono wethu ngeSpain. Imibono ivame ukukhuthazwa yimibono nokuhlanekezelwa okungahamba nabo, okudinga ukuqondwa nokuchazwa, kunokuba kunqatshwe.
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