Lapho kukhonjiswa ukuthi inguquko iyoba ngowesifazane noma cha, isibalo se UHannah Arendt Ima ngokushuba kwendima ebalulekile. Ikakhulukazi isibeka esikhathini esizayo sekhulunyaka lama-20, ipharadigm yamandla amabi okuguqula ubushiqela kunoma yisiphi isikhathi esizayo. Okukhulu nakakhulu manje njengoba sizithola sicwile ekuhwebeni kwembulunga yonke okungabonakali njengesixazululo kunoma ibuphi ububi...
Impela, nganoma yisiphi esinye isikhathi u-Arendt ngabe wayezinikele kwifilosofi. Kepha ukuqondana kwezinto kugcina ngokukhomba ebunzimeni lapho umuntu ofana noHana eya kwimishini yezincwadi zakhe. Umtapo wolwazi omkhulu ogcine ngokufingqa ifilosofi nezepolitiki zizonke. Noma okungenani njengemigqa efanayo yomsebenzi ongaboli.
Ukulandela indlela ye- Thomas Mann owayesevele ekhala e-United States ngokumelene nobuNazi kusukela ekudingisweni kwakhe ngo-1940, u-Hannah Arendt wakwazi ukufinyelela eNew York eshushiswa kabili njengomJuda nanjengombono okhulayo. Ezinze kulo mhlaba omusha okhululayo wamaJuda amaningi, u-Hannah Arendt wabhala yonke imisebenzi yakhe emihle phakathi kweminyaka yama-50s kanye nama-60s.
Izincwadi Ezinconyiwe ezi-3 eziphezulu zikaHannah Arendt
Inkululeko yokuba nenkululeko
Ukusola kokuhlukaniswa kuhlala kukhona. Umqondo wokuthi ukukwazi ukukhetha kuya ngokuya kube yisithiyo kithi ngokuqinisekile kufihlwe njengezichasiso, ngakolunye uhlangothi, nazo ezidingekayo ukuze kuhlaliswane ngokuthula. Kepha inkululeko leyo ibuye ithinte nezinye izinto eziningi ngaphandle kobuntu obunamandla lapho silwela khona ...
Iyini inkululeko futhi isho ukuthini kithi? Ngabe iqukethe kuphela ukungabi bikho kokwesaba nemikhawulo, noma ingabe kusho ukuthi ukubamba iqhaza ezinhlelweni zenhlalo, ngezwi lakho lezombusazwe, ukuzwakala, ukuqashelwa futhi ekugcineni kukhunjulwe abanye?
Ishicilelwe e-United States ngeminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha nesithupha kepha ayikashicilelwa kuze kube namuhla ngeSpanishi-nangesiJalimane-, le ndatshana ikhombisa ukuqina namandla emcabango kaHana Arendt wezepolitiki futhi uhlangana ngokunemba nokulawula ukucabanga kwakhe ngenkululeko, ngokujula okukhulu futhi akwazi ukuxhuma ngendlela emangalisayo nezinselelo nezingozi zesikhathi sethu.
U-Arendt ulandelela ukuthuthuka komlando komqondo wenkululeko, ikakhulukazi ngokucabangela izinguquko ezenzeka eFrance naseMelika. Ngenkathi eyokuqala yaba yinguquko eMlandweni, kodwa yagcina iyinhlekelele, enye yaba yimpumelelo yokunqoba, kodwa yahlala iyindaba yendawo. Ukucabanga kabusha ngombono wenguquko sekubalulekile namuhla, futhi lokhu kuhlangana kabusha noHannah Arendt kumelela umfutho odingekayo ezizukulwaneni ezintsha.
Eichmann eJerusalema
Kuthiwani ngobulungiswa lapho ukwesaba kubusa? Ukuqoshama emathunzini alokho okusele kokuziphatha noma kuguqulwe kwaba izilingo ezifingqiwe lapho ukufa kungukuphela kwesigwebo. Ukuthola kabusha ukholo ebulungiseni akulula uma sekunyamalale isikhathi eside futhi izisulu eziningi zenzeka.
Ngemuva kokuqulwa kwecala okwenziwa ngo-1961 ngokumelene no-Adolf Eichmann, u-lieutenant colonel we-SS kanye nesinye sezigebengu ezinkulu emlandweni, uHannah Arendt ufunda kule ndatshana izimbangela ezaholela ekuQothulweni Kwesizwe kanye nendima eyilinganayo abayidlala ekubulaweni kwabantu Imikhandlu yamaJuda - udaba oluthi, ngesikhathi salo, lube ngundabuzekwayo oludinwe - kanye nesimo nokusebenza kobulungiswa, isici esimholela ekuphakamiseni isidingo sokusungula inkantolo yamazwe omhlaba ekwaziyo ukuzama ubugebengu obuqondene nobuntu .
Kancane kancane, amehlo ka-Arendt abukhali futhi angena embula ubuntu bommangalelwa, ahlaziya isimo sakhe sezenhlalo nezepolitiki kanye nokuqina kwakhe okungenakuphikiswa lapho ehlela ukudingiswa nokuqothulwa kwemiphakathi yamaJuda. Ngasikhathi sinye, isazi sefilosofi saseJalimane sifunda ukubambisana noma ukumelana nokusetshenziswa kweFinal Solution yizizwe ezithile ebezigcwele futhi siveze izinkinga ezinokubaluleka kwazo okuqhubeka nokuthola isimo sezepolitiki namuhla.
Eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwayo, Eichmann eJerusalema ihlala ingenye yezifundo ezihamba phambili ngokuQothulwa Kwesizwe, i-eseyi engeke ihlehliswe ukuqonda ukuthi ngokungangabazeki kwakuyinhlekelele enkulu yekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Umsuka wobushiqela
Kwesinye isikhathi, uma kubuyekezwa iHistory, kubukeka sengathi ubushiqela bufakwe emhlabeni wonke kwesinye isikhathi, kubonakala sengathi bekungathi "abantu" abafuna leso sandla esiqinile esibambekayo futhi esikhiqiza ubumnyama obukhulu ukwedlula ukwesaba isikhathi esibi . Ukuphikisana komuntu kugcina ngokukhomba kulowo mqondo.
Ku-The Origins of Totalitarianism uHannah Arendt udalula izinto ezingaphansi komlando wase-Europe ezilungiselele ukufika kwesimo sobushiqela futhi ezichaza izikhungo, imibono kanye nokusebenza kwemibuso kaStalinist kanye noHitler.
Ingxenye yokuqala -I-Antisemitism- inikezelwe ekukhuleni nasekwandeni kulo lonke ikhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye lomqondo ongagcina usuyinhlangano yokunyakaza kwamaNazi, kanti owesibili -Imperialism- uhlaziya uhlobo kanye nezimpawu zombuso wama-impiriyali waseYurophu selokhu kwaphela Ikhulu le-1914 leminyaka leXIX kuze kube yimpi enkulu yango-XNUMX, kanye ne-third -Totalitarianism- inikezelwe ekuhlaziyweni kobushiqela bamaNazi nabaseSoviet hhayi "njengokwanda kwemibuso yangaphambi kobushiqela", kepha "ngokwemibono yabo emisha yomlando", njengoba uSalvador Giner echaza esanduleleni sakhe salolu hlobo ngevolumu yalesi sakudala sefilosofi yokuziphatha kwezepolitiki.
