Ukuze isazi sesayensi yezinto eziphilayo sinqume nge-anarchism kufana nokucabangela ukuthi konke kulahlekile. UDavid Graeber waveza ukuthi alukho uhlobo lukahulumeni olungenzeka kubantu emphakathini, onombono ocatshangwayo ophelele i-anthropology ekhomba kuwo ekuziphatheni komuntu. Singabe sesithola ukuthi intando yeningi imbi kakhulu kunombhalo othi iyimbi kakhulu ezinhlelweni zenhlangano yezenhlalo.
UGraeber kungenzeka ukuthi wayeqinisile mayelana neqiniso lokuthi njengamanje sibonakala sizithoba ngaphansi kobushiqela bezinhlelo kwezomnotho oligarchic ngaphansi kwesithunzi samathuba alinganayo nezinye iziqubulo. Ukuthi isiphithiphithi esinjalo sasisho ukulungisa yonke into ibe uhlobo oluthile lokulingana, ngiyangabaza. Ukuthi esiphithiphithi, kungekho mithetho ngaphandle kwethemba lomusa nenhlanhla, kungase kube nokunqoba ama-paradigms amadala ahlulekile, mhlawumbe.
Iphuzu liwukuthi uGraeber wayengeyena njenge-anarchist njengoba ependwe. Kodwa noma kunjalo wayenakho ukuthi angazi ukuthi yini imibono ngeziphakamiso ezintsha nezindlela ezithakazelisayo okufanele zicatshangelwe. Ziqala kanjena izincwadi zakhe, ifa lakhe elihle kakhulu...
Izincwadi Eziphezulu Ezi-3 Ezinconyiwe nguDavid Graeber
Esikweletini: Omunye Umlando Wezomnotho
Uhlelo lwezikweletu ezingeni le-macroeconomic luyinto efana kwalasha phezu kwenganekwane. Imali ayilutho nezindlu zamakhadi eminotho yomhlaba yakhelwe kulokho lutho. Ubani owazi kangcono ukuthi bangathengisa kanjani isithuthuthu sabo bazokwazi ukuboleka. Le ndaba ine-macroludopathy ethile. Futhi nokho, izici ezibalulekile ezifana nezwe lenhlalakahle yakhelwe ezinganekwaneni ezinjengalezi...
Yonke incwadi yezomnotho yenza ukugomela okufanayo: imali yasungulwa ukuze kuxazululwe inkimbinkimbi ekhulayo yezinhlelo zokuhwebelana. Le nguqulo yendaba inenkinga enkulu: abukho ubufakazi bokuyisekela.
U-Graeber udalula omunye umlando ekubonakaleni kwemali nezimakethe, futhi uhlaziya ukuthi isikweletu sihambe kanjani ukusuka ekubeni yisibopho sezomnotho siye esibophezelweni sokuziphatha. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwemibuso yokuqala yezolimo, abantu baye basebenzisa izinhlelo zezikweletu eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuze bathenge futhi badayise izimpahla, ngisho nangaphambi kokusungulwa kwemali. Kunamuhla, ngemva kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu, lapho ngokokuqala ngqa sizithola siphambi komphakathi ohlukene phakathi kwabakweletayo nabakweletwayo, kunezikhungo ezakhiwe ngentando yodwa yokuvikela ababolekisi.
I-Debt ingumlando othakazelisayo nobalulekile ohlakaza imibono egxilile ekuqapheleni kwethu sonke futhi usibonisa isimo sengqondo esingaguquki esikhona mayelana nezikweletu, njengenjini yokukhula komnotho noma njengethuluzi lengcindezelo.
Shit Imisebenzi: A Theory
Ukuzuza isinkwa sakho ngomjuluko webunzi lakho kwakuwusongo oluphelele. Okuthile okwakhiwe kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokuxhashazwa ezedlule nezesikhathi esizayo. Umzabalazo wezigaba awupheli, ngisho nangemva kokusungulwa kwamalungelo ngemva kwenhlekelele yabasebenzi yeNguquko Yezimboni. Uma kungaxhashazwa lapha, kuyaxhashazwa khona. Uma ingenakuhlukunyezwa ngokuqondile, ingenziwa ngendlela engabonakali.
Ukuthola lowo msebenzi ohloniphekile okhomba ekuzaziseni kubonakala njenge-chimera ezimweni eziningi. Imizamo, ukuzithuthukisa kanye namandla okuzakhela amabhizinisi akuwenzi umqondo ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho kubhekene namakhono angalingani, ukusungulwa kwezinhlelo zemfundo ezizimele kanye nezinye izithiyo ezikhulayo nsuku zonke.
Bese kuba nombuzo wamadola ayizigidi mayelana nencazelo yangempela yomsebenzi njengomgogodla womphakathi, futhi uDavid wayekulokhu, efuna izimpendulo...
Ingabe umsebenzi wakho uyawenza umqondo emphakathini? Entwasahlobo ka-2013, uDavid Graeber wabuza lo mbuzo endabeni edlalwayo nevusa inkanuko enesihloko esithi "On the Phenomenon of Shitty Jobs." Isihloko sahamba phambili. Ngemuva kokubukwa okuyisigidi ku-inthanethi ngezilimi eziyishumi nesikhombisa ezahlukene, abantu basaphikisana nempendulo.
Kunezigidi zabantu - abaxhumanisi bezabasebenzi, abaxhumanisi bezokuxhumana, abacwaningi bezokuthengisa ngocingo, abameli bezinkampani... - imisebenzi yabo engenamsebenzi, futhi bayayazi. Laba bantu babambelele emisebenzini engcolile. Khohlwa u-Piketty noma u-Marx; NguGraeber, omunye wezazi zesayensi yesintu kanye nezishoshovu ezinethonya elikhulu namuhla, osho ngokusobala ukuthi okuningi okwenziwa emnothweni wezigqila zamaholo kuwuhlobo lokuqashwa olungenanjongo, olungadingeki, noma oluyingozi kangangokuthi Ngisho nomsebenzi. yena uyakwazi ukuthethelela ubukhona bakhe, futhi naphezu kwalokhu uzizwa ephoqelekile ukuba enze sengathi lokhu akunjalo.
Ukugxekwa kwezenhlalo okulandelwa yile ncwadi kunamandla futhi kubukhali, ikakhulukazi lapho yethula izigaba eziqinile njengokuthi "imisebenzi yobudlabha," izisebenzi ezithile eziyenzayo, ezithi, ukugcina imishini emidala isebenza futhi isindise inkampani ekuthengeni imishini emisha. Akunangqondo, njengoba, njengoba u-Orwell esho, "isibalo sabantu esimatasa sisebenza, ngisho nemisebenzi engenamsebenzi nhlobo, asinaso isikhathi sokwenza okunye okuningi." Ngakho-ke, njengoba uGraeber ephetha, esinakho yi-shit engapheli.
Ukuqala Kwakho Konke: Indaba Entsha Yomuntu
Ingabe siyavela noma siyavela? Kwesinye isikhathi kuba nzima ukwazi ukuthi uma ukudlula kwethu emhlabeni kusho ukuqhubekela phambili entweni enencazelo enkulu ezicini ezahlukene njengokuhlanganiswa, ubumbano, ukulingana... Ngoba ngale kokunqoba okuncane kanye nesiteji sokuqwashisa, iqiniso likhomba kwelinye icala.
Ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane siye sabona okhokho bethu abakude kakhulu njengabantu bakudala, abangenalwazi nabanodlame. Siye satshelwa ukuthi kwakungenzeka kuphela ukuzuza impucuko ngokudela inkululeko noma ngokulawula imizwelo yethu engokwemvelo. Kule ndaba, izazi ezidumile ze-anthropologists uDavid Graeber noDavid Wengrow bakhombisa ukuthi le mibono, eyavela ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, yayiwukusabela okuvamile komphakathi waseYurophu ekugxekweni kongqondongqondo bomdabu nokuthi abanaso isiqinisekiso se-anthropological kanye nesayensi yemivubukulo.
Ekulandeleni lo mbono ongamanga, le ncwadi ithi imiphakathi yangaphambi komlando yayishintshe kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa; indlela ehlakaza ukulandisa okunezimpande ezijulile, kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwamadolobha kuya emsuka woMbuso, ukungalingani noma intando yeningi.
Ukusa kwakho konke umlando omusha wesintu, umbhalo ophikisanayo oguqula ukuqonda kwethu okwedlule futhi uvula indlela yokucabanga izinhlobo ezintsha zenhlangano yezenhlalakahle. Umsebenzi oyisikhumbuzo ongabaza imibono yabacabangi abafana noJared Diamond, uFrancis Fukuyama no-Yuval Noah Harari. Ngoba umcabango wokuthi imiphakathi iyancipha ukulingana futhi ikhululeke njengoba iba yinkimbinkimbi futhi "iphucuzekile" akuyona into engaphezu kwenganekwane.
