Ngendlela efanayo engiqhubeka ngayo amanye amazwe amaningiNgizogxila ku- ababhali abahamba phambili e-mexico ngokuyisisekelo ekhethwe phakathi kwekhulu lama-XNUMX namanje. Endabeni yaseMexico kwakuyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu ngenxa yezinqumo eziningi ezinhle. Izinkomba ezinhle zokulandisa komhlaba kanye namakhono amasha avela nalowo muzwa wokuzithola siphambi komuntu ozoba ngowakudala ngelinye ilanga.
Ababhali baseMexico abanekhono kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo noma ngisho namapeni e-avant-garde ahamba phakathi kwamanzi ahlukene, ahlola amathuba okulandisa ahlala ewusizo ukuze aqhubekisele phambili umbhalo ubheke ezindaweni ezintsha. Ngaphandle kokungabaza ngizoshiya umbhali waseMexico okungenzeka abe omunye wezintandokazi zakho. Kodwa uyazi kakade ukuthi akukho okubhaliwe mayelana nokunambitha. Lapha kuzovela ababhali abangu-10 baseMexico, okwathi kimina, bangimangaza ngaphandle kokwazi ukuthi yisiphi isipho noma umbhalo ongithande kakhulu.
Kodwa lowo umusa wezincwadi njengakwezinye izici eziningi zokudala. Umsebenzi udonsa ukunaka kwethu futhi singena endaweni ethile yombhali wosuku ukuze sigcine simkhomba njengomunye walezo zinto ezibalulekile zezwe langaleso sikhathi.
Ababhali abaphezulu abayi-10 baseMexico
UJuan Rulfo
Ngezinye izikhathi ubuhle, okumenyezelwa emimoyeni yomine yi-officialdom, kuyagcwaliseka. Izazi ezihlonishwa kakhulu zezincwadi zesiSpanishi zikhomba uJuan Rulfo njengomunye wezinto ezibalulekile. Lapho usondela emsebenzini wakhe, uthola isizathu futhi akukho okunye ongakwenza ngaphandle kokuvumelana naleyo misinga esemthethweni.
Ukukhuluma ngamagama asetshenziswayo njengamanje, ngalelo mkhuba lomkhiqizo wezwe, mhlawumbe akekho noyedwa oyobe esenzele okuningi umkhiqizo waseMexico ukwedlula UJuan Rulfo. Umbhali we-Universal, ongomunye wabathandwa kakhulu endaweni yokubhala yomhlaba. Ngemuva kwakhe sithola omunye umbhali waseMexico odumile nowesikhathi sakhe: Carlos Fuentes, okuthi, noma esithembisa amanoveli amakhulu, angafinyelelanga kulokho okuhle okujwayelekile kobuhlakani.
Njengakwezinye izikhathi, ngithanda ukwethula uhlelo olukhulu olusondeza umfundi kuwo wonke umsebenzi wombhali. Endabeni kaJuan Rulfo, akukho okungcono kunaleli bhokisi lesikhumbuzo leminyaka yakhe eyikhulu:
Ikhulu lama-XNUMX linababhali abambalwa abakhethekile. Phakathi kwalelo qembu esikhethiwe sasihlala sithola lo mthwebuli wezithombe ekwazi ukuveza okungokoqobo ngaphansi kwezihlungi eziningi eziya ekwakhiweni okuhlukahlukene njengoba kuwumlingo. Umbhali wehlelo, noPedro Páramo wakholisa abagxeki nabafundi. Umlingiswa ekuphakameni kwe-Macbeth Shakespeare, enomoya wayo odabukisayo, naleyo nhlanganisela ebulalayo yezifiso zomuntu, izinkanuko, uthando nokukhungatheka. Kodwa uJuan Rulfo unokuningi okwengeziwe. Lo msebenzi wobuciko awugcini usuyidlula yonke incwadi, nakuba ingeningi, egqama ngokubaluleka nokushuba kwayo okukhulu.
Octavio Paz
cunt Octavio Paz unxantathu ophelele wezincwadi zaseMexico zekhulu lamashumi amabili ziyavalwa, ngoba eceleni kwaso sithola UJuan Rulfo kakade Carlos Fuentes (yize lona wakamuva ehlezi etafuleni lakhe ukuze athole okuphuzwayo kuphela). Ezikhathini eziningi kwenzeka ukuthi izincwadi zitholakala ohlotsheni lwe-general synergy. Kusukela ekuhlanganeni okungenakuqhathaniswa okungokomlando ezimpilweni ze Cervantes y Shakespeare, ICoetaneity kube iqiniso eliphindaphindwe kaningi.
Futhi ngenkathi isibonelo sezazi ezimbili ezinkulu zaseYurophu simele ingqungquthela yalokhu kusebenzisana kwezinhlamvu, unxantathu uhlangana okwesikhashana emaphethelweni awo phakathi kweRulfo, iPaz neFuentes nawo unento yawo. Ngoba laba abathathu bamele iziqongo ezifanayo zemibhalo ezivela eMexico ngezinhlamvu zamaSpanishi nezomhlaba zekhulu lama-XNUMX. Kuyaziwa ukungaboni ngaso linye kwezenhlalo nakwezepolitiki phakathi kukaCarlos Fuentes no-Octavio Paz, kepha lena imininingwane engagubuzeli ubukhulu bobuciko bobabili kanye nokucebisa kokugcina kwemibhalo eqinile.
Kepha egxile ku-Octavio Paz, owayedume kunabo bonke, njengoba agcina ukwaziwa ngeNobel Prize for Literature ngo-1990, amandla akhe okudala ayehlanganisa izinkondlo kanye neprose ngokuvumelana okufanayo, ukuzuza udumo nokuthola abafundi bohlobo olulodwa noma enye. ngenxa yokulinganisela kwayo phakathi kobuhle nobumuva.
Elena Poniatowski
Ukuphuma ePoland evinjezelwe amaNazi kwakungadingeki ukuthi kube mnandi kumndeni wakwaPoniatowska. Kwakungunyaka we-1942 futhi u-Elena wayebala iziphethu eziyishumi. Cishe kwakungeyona inhlekelele kangako kuye. Ngaleso sikhathi, iqiniso lisasakazeka, phakathi kwenkungu yefantasy nobuncane bobuntwana.
Kepha ukwaziswa okulandelayo kungaba nomphumela omningi kakhulu kunalokho obekulindelekile. Kakhulu kumuntu othanda Elena Poniatowski, evezwe njengomlobi omkhulu, wahamba futhi wazibophezela ezinhlosweni ezahlukahlukene eziphathelene namalungelo abantu.
Imvelaphi yakhe yobukhosi evela kuwo womabili amagatsha, ekayise neyomama, ayikaze ibe yisisekelo sakhe, yize yayiyithuluzi lalowo mzabalazo oqhubekayo wokuvikela ukulingana kunoma yimuphi umkhakha.
Inoveli, njengoba ingemuva likaPoniatowska ibingabonwa ngenye indlela, iqondwa ngu-Elena njengo ithuluzi elibhekise ekugxekweni nasendleleni, ekubhekeni kokungena ngaphakathi komuntu ezinhlakeni eziningi, kusukela ekufikeni kothando ngokwemvelo nezisusa zenzondo, kusuka entandweni yokwazi isidingo sokukhohlwa.
I-"Red Princess" ayikaze iphoxe kukho konke ekubhalayo. Futhi kungenxa yokuthi u-Elena uye wazidla ezindabeni nasezindabeni, kumanoveli nasezindabeni. Sihlala sithola emibhalweni yakhe intshiseko yokuphila kanye nenhloso yokwehlisa yonke imizwa nemibono ibe yinto enhle, esiholela emibonweni yomuntu siqu eyisisekelo njengozwela noma ukuqina.
ULaura Esquivel
Okwangempela kuyisisekelo sempumelelo. Ngemuva kwalokho kufanele ucabangele ithuba nobuningi. Ngikusho ngoba ULaura Esquivel ifinyelele emkhathini wemibhalo ngenoveli yokuqala egcine ifike ngesikhathi, kulokhu bekungadingi ubhiquity (isithuko ukukhuluma ngabathintana nabo nonkulunkulukazi ...)
IComo agua para ushokoledi kwakuwumsebenzi wasekuqaleni owawufakwe emcabangweni odumile njengenoveli eyayifanele ukufundwa. Ngakho-ke yahamba emibuthanweni yemibhalo yengxenye yomhlaba, yephula amarekhodi eminyaka neminyaka ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-90s. Iqiniso lomlingo lelo noveli liziqhenyayo liyakwazi ukuguqula nokuphakamisa ikhishi libheke endaweni yemizwa ... kodwa ake khuluma ngaye kamuva, esikhundleni sakhe esifanele sesikhundla sami esithile.
Kokunye, uLaura Esquivel uletha imisebenzi yakhe ekhanya njengendlalifa yemvelo, nengxenye yayo edabukisayo nokuphokophela kwayo ekubhekeleni phansi, iphupho elihle lenze okuhlangenwe nakho nokuqina njengokugxila komuntu okungacatshangelwa kusukela ekucabangeni kokuhlala uphila nsuku zonke . Le mibono ejwayelekile ethola ama-nuances abo kuziphakamiso ezahlukahlukene zokulandisa kwalo mbhali, onikezwe yipolitiki yaseMexico iminyaka embalwa manje.
IGuadalupe Nettel
IGuadalupe Nettel Igqame kakhulu phakathi abaxoxi bezindaba bamanje baseMexico. Kusuka kokungapheli Elena Poniatowski up UJuan Villoro, I-Alvaro Enrigue o UJorge Volpi. Yilowo nalowo "namademoni" akhe (amademoni ngoba akukho lutho olushukumisayo ukubhala kunephuzu lesilingo sikaSathane, ukunambitheka "okuhlanya" ngenxa yenqaba wonke umbhali omuhle ahlubula ngayo umhlaba osizini).
I-Nettel ingesinye isibonelo emsebenzini wokubhala njengobizo olugcwele, olunqumayo. Ngoba kokubili ukuqeqeshwa kwezemfundo nokuzinikela ekulandiseni kudlule kulokho kufana komuntu ojabulela intando yensimbi, eyenziwe ngomoya onamandla wangaphakathi.
Yonke into kuNettel ithola leyo ndlela ekahle ngasekugcineni ukuthi kungani. Ukuqeqesha ngemibhalo, qala ngokubhala izindaba bese ugcina usugqekeza amanoveli noma ama-eseyi ngokuzanelisa komuntu osezazi yena kwezobuciko ezibalulekile. Ngakho namuhla singajabulela izincwadi zakhe kuphela.
Carlos Fuentes
Umhambi wokuzalwa ngokwesikhundla sakhe njengendodana yediplomate, Carlos Fuentes Uthole ubuhle bokuhanjwa, ithuluzi elihle lombhali ochumayo. Ukuhamba kunikeza ingcebo engenakuqhathaniswa yemibono emhlabeni, yokufunda ngokumelene ne-ethnocentrism, yokuhlakanipha okuthandwayo. Ubuntwana obunelungelo lombhali wasetshenziselwa yena ukugcina ekugcineni, ngaphezu kwakho konke, waba ngumbhali omkhulu, kanye nosomaqhinga osaziwayo njengoyise.
Njengombhali oqeqeshiwe futhi njengomuntu oxhumana namaqiniso ahlukahlukene omoya wakhe wokuhamba ongashi, UFuentes waba ngumbhali wezenhlalo, ngosesho olucishe lube yi-anthropological lomuntu endaweni yakhe yemvelo yezenhlalo.
Akukhona ukuthi amanoveli akhe awumzamo okhaliphile ngenhloso yokufundisa, kodwa abalingiswa bakhe nezindlela zakhe zihlala ziveza inhloso ecacile, ukufuna izimpendulo emlandweni. Kuningi okusamele kufundwe kukho konke okwedlule, kuzo zonke izinqubo zomlando, kusuka kuzinguquko kanye nasezimpini, ezinkingeni, ekunqobeni okukhulu kwezenhlalo, izinsalela zomlando ziyindaba elandelwayo Carlos Fuentes ukuphakamisa amanoveli akhe kithi.
Ngokunengqondo, njengomuntu waseMexico, izici zezwe lakubo nazo zigqama ezincwadini zakhe eziningi. I-idiosyncrasy yabantu abafana nabaseMexico iletha ubuhlakani obuningi ezimpikiswaneni zayo, ezisindwa yinhloso yabantu abanohlonze oluqinile lokuhlukanisa naphezu kokungalungi okwagcina kwakhiwa (njengabo bonke abantu bomhlaba, ngakolunye uhlangothi. isandla).
UJosé Emilio Pacheco
I-Las Ukukhathazeka okulandisayo kukaPacheco Baqhamuke besebancane kakhulu, bathola ukuthi umbhali uzimisele ngokuba munye ngaphambi kokuba abe neminyaka engamashumi amabili. Ngalolo bizo oluqinile lwakuqala, uJosé Emilio Pacheco wazicwilisa, ngokuqiniseka okuyiqiniso ngokuthuthuka komsebenzi wakhe, ngazo zonke izinhlobo zokufundwa, efuna lokho kusungulwa okufanele umbhali ngamunye agcine ekubhekaneni nakho efuna indlela yakhe.
Ngaphandle kokusuka ezimpandeni zakhe lapho abeka khona ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi wakhe, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezincwadini nasezinkondlweni, uPacheco ubhekise emkhakheni engiwuthandayo wokulandisa okuqanjiwe, izindaba eziningi namanye amanoveli anezinto zokufanekisa nokuqanjiwe kwezinye amacala noma izinkanuko ezinzima kwabanye.
Izingoma ezahlukahlukene ekugcineni futhi ezigcina zixhuma ngenhloso eqinile yobuntu kuleyo mibhalo ezibophezele ukuba khona uqobo kanye nomlando wezikhathi ezaziphilwa.
Kusobala ukuthi leli khono lokuguqulwa kobulili lenze kwaba nokwenzeka kwesilingo ekuzenzekeni kokulandisa kukaPacheco, ukuthola ukuthi iphuzu le-avant-garde elizungeze umbono ocishe uthandane lapho imizwa yobuntwana izwakala njengama-echoes, ngokuqiniseka okuphelele kwesidingo sokubuyela ebuntwaneni, lelo pharadesi lapho ukuhlolwa futhi lakha ubumnene nemibono emhlabeni.
UJuan Jose Arreola
Ethunzini lomkhulu kunabo bonke, abanye abagcini ngokusibekela. Labo okungenzeka bangenabo ubuciko obumangalisayo bokudala kodwa bezimisele ukuthuthukisa, kanye nekhono lokufunda eligcina selifana nesipho uma ukuzinikezela kukhulu.
Okuthile okufana nalokhu kufanele kucatshangelwe lapho kukhulunywa UJuan Jose Arreola maqondana ne owayephila ngaleso sikhathi, umuntu wakubo ngisho no-namesake omkhulu njengaye UJuan Rulfo. Lapho-ke, lapho impilo inika u-Arreola eminye iminyaka eyi-15, wakwazi ukuba yindlalifa yefa nomlandeli womsebenzi, ngalolo shintsho lokugxila kobuhlakani obungasabonakali kuye ngokwemvelo njengomanduleli oyedwa.
Mhlawumbe kuyindaba yolimi okwabelwana ngalo kodwa ezindabeni zalo ezingenakubalwa nakumqulu walo, isikhulumi saseSpain nakanjani sizongena emaphusheni, kwesinye isikhathi sifane nephupho, kanye nezincwajana ezicebile eziguqula okwangempela noma okuyi-surrealist ngepeni lakhe lamahhala, kunalokho kungaba yindlela yokunconywa kakhulu KAFKA ngezinganekwane zakhe zezingqondo ezibandayo nezikhona.
UValeria luiselli
Eqanjiwe kusukela ekuqageleni okungokoqobo okuqaphela kakhulu lokho kunganaki kombhali osemusha, u-Valeria uzibonakalisa njengesikhulumi esinamandla sesizukulwane esigxile ekusaseni kusukela ezisekelweni zayo yonke into entsha okungenzeka ukuthi umhlaba usuyishiyile, ephakamisa izwi lakhe ukuze embule i-manifest trompe l'oeil ye-involution engaguquki efihliwe njengokuthuthuka okuhle. Izincwadi ezibucayi ngomqondo obanzi wegama.
Ngalo mqondo, umbono wakhe umngcele encwadini yakhe «Ingane elahlekile»Inkinga yemingcele njengezindonga eziqanjiwe (iyanda ebonakalayo esimweni lapho umbhali ehlobene kakhulu phakathi kweMexico ne-United States). Izindonga ezikwazi ukucwasa labo abasohlangothini olulodwa ngemuva kokuzifihla kwe-aporophobia. Ngendlela efanayo abazenza ngayo abanye, labo abahlala endaweni enethezekile emhlabeni ngenxa nje yokuba khona, noma mhlawumbe ukungabi khona uma singacabangi kahle.
Umbuzo uwukuba sithathe uhambo olubheke ebuntwini baleyo miphetho yezinsuku zethu, ukopha esikhumbeni somuntu siqu futhi ekugcineni sizwelane nabanye, ngale kwezindaba zethelevishini ezingenasisekelo.
Kepha ngaphezu kwalokho u-Valeria Luiselli usifaka kwezinye zezincwadi zakhe kulezo zincwadi ezihlukanisiwe ezihamba kahle phakathi kokuhlukaniswa kwezinto ezinhle kanye nezangempela sengathi yonke into ithathe indawo ehlelekile efanayo kusukela ekuziphenduleleni kwabalingiswa.
Impilo, uthando, umndeni, ukufunda noma ukufa kuhlala kuyimibono; ukuthola ukuhlakanipha okudlulele kwezigxobo ezibuhlungu zokuphila kwethu kuyisiphetho esilandisayo sika-Valeria othakazelisayo endleleni yakhe yokuxoxa izindaba.
USergio Pitol
Kukhona labo, njengaye USergio PitolBangababhali kuleyo mpilo ehlukile edlulayo ngenkathi isiphetho silandela. Ukube besinezimpilo eziningi, ngakunye bekungaba yinto ehlukile ekuhambeni okusha., kodwa isikhathi siyini futhi USergio Pitol wayeyizinto ezanele njengokungathi ukukhawulela kuphela isici sakhe njengombhali.
Noma kunjalo noma ngokunembile ngenxa yokushintshanisa kwakhe, u-Pitol wabhala eminye yemisebenzi engcono kakhulu yokulandisa kwaseMexico nge-Trilogy yakhe yenkumbulo phezulu ekukhiqizeni kwakhe izincwadi. Okuthile okufana nomsebenzi obalulekile walokho Ukuziqhenya egxile ku-heptology yakhe.
Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe kuleyo ncazelo yomlobi ukuthi ukuphila kwakhe kwakungewona umbhede wama roses. Kuboniswa kanjena ukuthi ukuhlupheka uma kungabhubhisi kuhambisana nomoya ongenqamuki, umuntu ophilayo ngaphezu kwakho konke yena, umphefumulo ongaphumuli nolambileyo ...
Ngakho-ke, ukulandisa okuqinile sijabulela i-Pitol ehlanganisa eyethu kanye neyabanye kuleso simo lapho umbhali engumlingiswa oyinhloko ukuze anikeze ukuqonda, uthando nezimpendulo ngendlela yakhe kuyo yonke imibuzo mayelana nokuba khona.
Amazwana angu-1 kokuthi "Ababhali abayi-10 abahamba phambili baseMexico"