Uma muva nje besikhuluma ngombhali wemvelaphi yaseRussia Ayn Rand, namuhla sikhuluma ngomsebenzi womunye umbhali oyisifaniso wemvelaphi efanayo yamaSoviet, iBelarusian USvetlana Alexievich, Kusha sha umklomelo omkhulu wezincwadi ngonyaka wezi-2015.
Futhi ngimletha kulesi sikhala simxhumanisa neRandi ngoba bobabili baqamba imisebenzi yokufanisa ngokwedlulela kwabo ngaphezu kokulandisa. URandi unikele ngombono wakhe wefilosofi kanti uSvetlana usinikeza umbono wezenhlalo ngokwengeziwe kumaculo akhe.
Kuzo zombili lezi zimo umbuzo uwukusondela kubantu njengesiqalo sokuthuthukisa amafindo emicabango noma amacebo njengemibhalo eyiqiniso evela kokungokoqobo, uma kungenjalo okugcwele, ukufuna lokho kuhlaselwa ukwazi.
USvetlana Alexievich wenze incwadi yakhe yezincwadi umbukiso omkhulu womphakathi lapho i-eseyi nayo inendawo yayo, uma kungenjalo yonke into ephenywa ngezimpawu zobuntatheli ayigcini ngokufanelekela yona ngaleyo ncazelo ye-eseyi ebhekise ekuzindleni komfundi.
Nokho, IAlexievich yisethenjwa esibalulekile sokuqedela ukubuka konke kwepanorama yamazwe akha iSoviet Union, mayelana nezimpande zayo ekhulwini lama-20 elathatha isikhathi eside nakakhulu kulezo zingxenye futhi lagcina lisungule umcabango ovamile ezinhlobonhlobo zabantu abaningi kangaka abasafufusa.
Izincwadi ezinconyiwe ezi-3 eziphezulu nguSvetlana Alexievich
Amazwi avela eChernobyl
Owayesayinwe ngezansi wayeneminyaka eyishumi ngo-Ephreli 10, 26. Usuku olubi lapho umhlaba wawusondela enhlekeleleni ethile yenuzi. Futhi into ehlekisayo ukuthi kwakungeyona ibhomu elalisongela ukuqeda umhlaba kwi-Cold War eyaqhubeka nokusongela ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II.
Kusukela ngalolo suku I-Chernobyl yajoyina isichazamazwi sezoni Futhi nanamuhla, ukusondela ngemibiko noma amavidiyo asakazwa ku-inthanethi mayelana nendawo enkulu yokukhishwa kuyethusa. Imayelana ne- Amakhilomitha angama-30 endawo efile. Yize ukuzimisela "kwabafileyo" bekungeke kube yindida kakhulu. Impilo ngaphandle kokuthokomala ibihlala ezikhaleni ebezihlala abantu ngaphambilini. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-30 selokhu kwenzeke le nhlekelele, uhlaza seluzuze ukhonkolo futhi izilwane zasendle zasendaweni zaziwa endaweni ephephe kunazo zonke ezake zaziwa.
Kunjalo ukuchayeka emisebeni engacashile akukwazi ukuphepha impilo yonke, kodwa ukuquleka kwesilwane kuyinzuzo lapha uma kuqhathaniswa namathuba amakhulu okufa. Into embi kakhulu ngalezo zinsuku ngemva kwenhlekelele ngokungangabazeki kwakuwukusebenzelana nemimoya. ISoviet Ukraine ayizange inikeze umbono ophelele ngale nhlekelele. Futhi phakathi kwabantu ababehlala endaweni, umuzwa wokulahlwa wasakazeka, obonakala kahle ochungechungeni lwamanje lwe-HBO mayelana nomcimbi. Uma kubhekwa impumelelo enkulu yalolu chungechunge, akukaze kube buhlungu ukuthola incwadi enhle ehambisana nalokhu kubuyekezwa kwenhlekelele enjalo yomhlaba wonke. Futhi le ncwadi ingenye yalezo zimo lapho iqiniso liyiminyaka elula kude nenganekwane. Ngoba izindaba zalabo okwaxoxwa nabo, ubufakazi bezinsuku ezimbalwa obubonakala bumisiwe ku-limbo ye-surrealism ngezinye izikhathi ehlanganisa ubukhona bethu, bakha lokho okuphelele komlingo.
Okwenzeka eChernobyl yilokho la mazwi akushoyo. Lesi sehlakalo besingenxa yanoma yisiphi isizathu, kepha iqiniso ukuqoqwa kwemiphumela elandiswa ngabalingiswa abakule ncwadi, nangabanye abaningi abangasenalo izwi. Ukuphazamiseka lapho le micimbi ibhekane nakho nezakhamizi ezithile ezazithembele kuzinguqulo ezisemthethweni kuyaphazamisa. Ukutholwa kweqiniso kuyathakazelisa futhi kuyethusa imiphumela yalowo mhlaba we-nuclei egxilile owaqhuma ukuguqula ubuso baleyo ndawo amashumi eminyaka ezayo. Incwadi lapho sithola khona ikusasa elibuhlungu lezakhamizi ezithile ezikhohlisiwe futhi zahlaselwa izifo nokufa.
Ukuphela kukaHomo Soviéticus
Ubukhomanisi noma impicabadala enkulu kunayo yonke yesizathu somuntu. Iphrojekthi ebhekise kubumbano lwezigaba nobulungiswa bezenhlalo kube yinhlekelele enkulu.
Inkinga ilele ekukholelweni ukuthi umuntu ubekwazi ukwenza imizimba lokho okushiwo yizinzuzo ezinkulu zobukhomanisi ezimemezele njenge-panacea yezenhlalo. Ngoba ingxenye ebhubhisayo yamandla ezandleni ezimbalwa futhi unomphela ibinganakiwe. Ekugcineni, kwakungathi, njengoba singathola kule ncwadi, ubukhomanisi baselabhorethri, ukuhlukaniswa okwenziwe u-Aleksievich akhumula embhalweni wokubhalwa kwezingxoxo nabakhileyo balolo hlelo olwesabekayo olwenziwe.
Ngaphakathi kwezindaba ezedlule, ngokungangabazeki, kepha amakhulu obufakazi obuphilayo asesikhathini esibuhlungu. Eminye imizamo yokuthambisa lolu daba, njenge-perestroika uqobo lukaGorbachev, yehlulekile ukuqeda umthelela wohlelo ngobubi obugcwele bokubusa ngobushiqela obungahambelani nentuthuko. Ukuphela kwalowo Homo Soviéticus kwakuwukuthi leyo nhlansi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yavuswa kusukela inertia yokuvinjezelwa komhlaba ohlelweni lokubhubha.
Impi ayinabo ubuso besifazane
Mhlawumbe okuwukuphela kwesici lapho ubukhomanisi babusebenzisa khona lokho kulingana kwaba sici saso esibi kakhulu, njengempi. Ngoba kule ncwadi sithola izinkomba zabesifazane ababandakanyeka ezingxenyeni ezifanayo nezamadoda agcwele iRed Army.
Futhi mhlawumbe bonke labo, abesilisa nabesifazane, yilabo ababenezizathu ezimbalwa zokuya empini. Ngoba ngemuva kukaHitler emkhathizwe, kwakunoStalin ngemuva. Izitha zobuntu nhlangothi zombili. Lincane noma alikho nhlobo ithemba lemiphumela emihle uma kunqotshwa. Futhi labo besifazane abenza imisebenzi yabo emnyama yezempi kungenzeka ukuthi bebengakaqapheli ukuphazamiseka okucacile kwecala labo.
Ngenxa yokuthi uhlelo luzophinde luthengise umqondo wokuvikela izwe, luzophakamisa amanani eSoviet okulingana kanye nokuvikela okudingekayo kwesimo esizuziwe. KumaSoviet, iMpi Yezwe II yayiyinkundla yempi eyinqaba enezitha zangempela nezipoki ezimbi ezafiphaza lonke ithemba.
Isimo se-apocalyptic esigcwele udlame lwazo zonke izinhlobo, ukuphelelwa ithemba nokwesaba. Ubufakazi obusha obutholwe umbhali ukuze buqinisekise, kusukela ekuqhumeni kokuqala kombono wesifazane, inhlekelele yezinhlekelele, izimpi ezimbi kakhulu ezisakazeke endaweni enkulu yempi ebizwa ngokuthi i-USSR. Futhi naphezu kwakho konke, u-Alexievich ukhipha leso sintu esidingekayo kusukela engqikithini yemilando futhi uvusa umuzwa we-atavistic wokuthi imiphefumulo emikhulu kakhulu ibonakala phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zosizi nonya.
