3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ Josรฉ Calvo Poyato

ื“ื™ ืฉืขืคืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืงืึทื ืคื™ื’ื™ืขืจื“ ืึทืจื•ื ืึท ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขื“ืขืจื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ ืึทืงืึทื“ืขืžื™ืง ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืงืึทืกืขืก. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื•ื˜ืึธื“ื™ื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืกื™ื–ืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทื ื“ื™ืฉืึทื ื™ื ื’, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืขืœื•ื•ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข ืœืขื’ืึทื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜.

ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’, ื“ื™ ืงืฉื™ื ืื™ื– ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ื“ืึทื ืง ืฆื• ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืก ื•ื•ื™ ืกืึทื ื˜ื™ืึทื’ืึธ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืขื’ื•ื™ืœืœืึธ, ื“ื–ืฉืึธืกืข ืœื•ื™ืก ืงืึธืจืจืึทืœ o ืœื•ื™ืก ื–ื•ืขืงืึธ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜, ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ Javier Negrete, ืกืœืึทื•ื• ื’ืึทืœืึทืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ Arturo Perez Reverte ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ ืกืขื˜ื˜ื™ื ื’ืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื’ืึทืกื˜ ื‘ืขืกืฆืขืœืขืจ.

ื“ื–ืฉืึธืกืข ืงืึทืœื•ื•ืึธ ืคึผื•ื™ืึทื˜ืึธ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ, ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืขืจืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืจื•ื“ื™ื˜ืข ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื ื™ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ (ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืคืจืึธื ื˜ืœื™ื ืข ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ) ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืึทื’ื“ื–ืฉืขืกื˜ื™ื“ ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื™ื ื˜ืจืึทื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืง ืึทืคึผืขืœื™ืจืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึท ื ื•ืึทื ืกื™ื– ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ.

ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ืึธืก ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืขืจืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื“ื™ืกืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข.

ื“ื™ ืคืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ Josรฉ Calvo Poyato, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื 30 ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืึทืจื™ื–ืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ (ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื™ืš ืคืขื˜ืจื•ืก ื”ืึทืจืจื™ืก, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ื›ืกื™ืžืข ืขืจ ื“ื™ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืกืคึผื™ืจืึทืกื™ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืคืึทืจื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ), ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื˜ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทืคื˜ืขืจื˜ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื– ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ.

ืจืึธืžืึทื ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื˜ืฉืขืคึผืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกืฆืขืœืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื ื™ืŸ, ืึท ืืžืช ืœื•ืงืกื•ืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืกืึทื˜ื™ืกืคื™ื™ื– ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ืึทืœืึทื ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข.

Top 3 ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ Josรฉ Calvo Poyato

ื“ืขื ืฉืคื™ืืŸ ืคื•ื ืขื ืงืขื ื™ื’

ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ'ืก ืคืึทืš ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคื•ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืกืฆืขื ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื“ื™ืืœืื’.

ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืžืึธื•ืžืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืžืคืขืจื™ืข (ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ seventeenth ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜), ืขืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ (ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืจืึทืคื™ื™ืึทื‘ืึทืœ) ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืจืขื ืขืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืจืขืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจื“ื™ืง ืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทื ืกื™ื–.

ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึทืกื˜ ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœืคึผืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ Poyato ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืœืึทืกื˜ืขืจืึทืก (ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฅ ืจื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื“ืึทืกื˜ืจื™ืึทืœื™ื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ) ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ XNUMX ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืžืึทื“ืจื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึผื™ืงืึทืจืขืกืงื•ื•ืข ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื˜ืจืึธืฅ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืงื˜ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืคืœืึทืฉื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืกื™ืžื“ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืฆื• ืจื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืง ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืžืคืขืจื™ืข ื ืึธืš ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื–ื•ืœื™ื ืงืขื’ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืคื™ื“ื™ืึทืก ืึทืœื‘ื™ืึธืŸ.

ื ืžืึทื˜ืจืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ Jorge Juan ื˜ืจืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื– ืฆื• ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ื“ ืฆื• ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœ ืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทื ืกื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜, ื‘ืึทื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืžืœืขืŸ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกืคึผืึทื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืžืฃ ืคึผืึทืจืึทืœืขืœ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ืึทืึทืžื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ื—.

ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืกืคึผื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืžื™ืจ ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื“ื™ Riojan Marquรฉs de la Ensenada ืคืจื•ื•ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืœื•ืงืข ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืึทืœืขืœ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทืงืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ Jorge Juan ืคึฟืึทืจ, ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืงืึทืคึผื•ื™ืขืจ, Fernando VI. ื ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื›ื•ืœืœ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืžืึทื ื•ื•ื•ืขืจื– ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืคืจืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึฟืจืึทื ืงืจื™ื™ึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ื“.

ื“ืขืจ ืžืœืš ืก ืฉืคึผื™ืึธืŸ

ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืจืง

General Prim ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ Fernando Besora ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืึธื•ืžื˜ืึทื•ืŸ: Reus. ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืจื™ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื– ืึทืจื•ื ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ืžืึธื•ืžืึทื ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืกืคึผืึทื™ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ XNUMX ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜.

ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ื ืขื XNUMX ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ืขืจืึทืœ ืคึผืจื™ื ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื ืคื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ, ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืคืขืจืข.

ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ื• ื–ืขืื•ื ื’ ืึทืจื•ื ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึทืจืึทืœืขืœ ื•ื•ืขื’, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืึทืžืคึผืจื™ื™ื–ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ึทืš ืžืึธืกืึทื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทื ืกื™ื–, ื“ื™ ืึทืคืึธืจืžืขื ืฉืึทื ื“ ืœืึทื ื“ืกืžืึทืŸ Fernando Besora.

ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ื˜ืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ึทื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืกืึธืจืึท ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืึทืงืกืึทื“ืขื ื˜ืึทืœ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคืึธืจืžืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜.

ื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืจื™ื–ืžื– ืคื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ื™ื’ืžืึท, ืึทื“ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืฉืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืคึผืึธืก. ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžืึทื“ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืœ ื“ืขืœ ื˜ื•ืจืงืึธ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืงืึทื ื•ื•ืึทืœืกื˜ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ ืžืึธื ืึทืจื˜ืฉ.

ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืง

ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืŸ

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืžืคืขืจื™ืข ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ Gonzalo Fernรกndez de Cรณrdoba ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืคื•ื ื“ืึทืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืคึผืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื“ื–ืฉืขืžืึทื ื™ ืกืึทืงืกื™ื“ืึทื“ ืคื™ืœืข ืžืึธืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื”.

ื˜ื›ื™ืœืขืก, Gonzalo de Cรณrdoba ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคึผืขืœืฅ ื“ื™ืกื™ื ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ Aragon, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื• ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืึทืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืึทื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื˜ื”ืึธืœื™ืง ืžืึธื ืึทืจื˜ืฉืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืึทื˜ืขืจื“.

ื“ื™ ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ ืกืึทืงืึธื ืข ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ึทื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืจื™ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ. ื ืœืขืฆื˜ ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกืฆืขื ืึทืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืจืขื˜ืจืึทืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ.

ื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื™ืœืึทืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ื‘ื™ืื’ืจืืคื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทื ื“ืึทืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœื– ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืงืึธืจื“ืึธื‘ืึท, ื•ื•ื•ึผ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื’ืœื•ืช ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืึทืฉืึธืจืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขื ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื“ืึทืงื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืจื™ื™ึทืข ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึทืจืžื™ื™.

ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืŸ
5/5 - (7 ื•ื•ืึธื•ืฅ)

2 ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ยซ3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ Josรฉ Calvo Poyatoยป

ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’

ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืงื™ืกืžืขื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื. ืœืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜.