3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ื ืึทื‘ืึธืงืึธื•ื•

ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื‘ืึธืงืึธื•ื• ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื™ื™ื–ื“ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ืึทืงื•ื•ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทื ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ, ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ื ืึทื•ื•ื™ื’ื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืจื™ืœื™ื™ืึทื‘ื™ืœืึทื˜ื™. ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจืก, ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ ...

ื ืึทื‘ืึธืงืึธื•ื• ืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจื™ื“ ืžืึธืกืึทื™ืง ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื˜ืจืึทื ื–ื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืึธืคื ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืง ืคึผืจืึทืคึผืึธื•ื–ืึทืœื–. ื ืงืึทืคึผืึทืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึท ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข, ื•ื•ื•ึผ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืขืžืึธืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜, ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“, ื“ื™ ื™ืงืกื™ื™ื˜ืžืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ืกื™ืข ืฉื ื•ืจ ืฆื• ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื™ืžืคึผืจืขืกืกื™ืึธื ื™ืกื.

ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืึทื‘ืึธืงืึธื•ื• ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืœื™ื ืงืก ื’ืœื™ื™ึทื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง. ืืคื™ืœื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึทื ืกื™ื“ืขืจื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ twentieth ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื˜ื•ื‘ืœื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืžืึธืก, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืขื’ืœืขืš ืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉ ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“ืก. ืœืคึผื—ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืขืฉืึทืœืึทื ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ืคึผืึทื˜ืขืจื ื–.

ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืจ, ื ืึทื‘ืึธืงืึธื•ื• ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืจืขื•ื•ืขืจืึทื ื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกืึธืจ, ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึฟื™ืœื ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืขืฅ. ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœืืกืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื ืคืจืึทื ืกืึทื–, ืขืจ ืœืขืกืึธืฃ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผืึธื•ื–ื“ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ.

ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืึท ื™ืึทื–ื“ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš Nabokov ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืจื™ื•ื•ืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจื•ื ื’. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ึทื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜.

3 ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืœืื“ื™ืžื™ืจ ื ืึทื‘ืึธืงืึธื•ื•

ืœืึธืœื™ื˜ืึท

ื ืึทื‘ืึธืงืึธื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืจืงื•ื•ื™ืก ื“ืข ืกืึทื“ืข ืืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืกืงืึทื ื“ืึทืœื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื‘ืขืจืจืึทืฉืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ. ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคึผืขืจื•ื•ืขืจื–ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืงืึธื•ืึทื’ื–ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช? ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืงืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉืœื™ื™ืžืขืกื“ื™ืง ืึทืจื’ื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืขืก ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืขื ื“ืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืกืคึผืขืงื˜.

ื ืึทื‘ืึธืงืึธื•ื• ื“ืขืจื“, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืžืึทืกืงืข, ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืึทื ื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ื™ื˜ืขื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฅ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืคึผืึธื•ืœืขืจื™ื™ื–ื“ ื™ืžืึธื•ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื˜ืขืžืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืœื™ื‘ืข ... ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 1955 ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึทื ื•ื•ืึทืœืฉืึทืŸ.

ืงื™ืฆืขืจ: ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื‘ืกืขืกืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื”ื•ืžื‘ืขืจื˜ ื”ื•ืžื‘ืขืจื˜, ืึท ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง-ื™ืึธืจ-ืึทืœื˜ ืœืขืจืขืจ, โ€‹โ€‹ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ-ื™ืึธืจ-ืึทืœื˜ ืœืึธืœื™ื˜ืึท ืื™ื– ืึท ื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืœื™ื‘ืข ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืงืกืคึผืœืึธื•ืกื™ื•ื• ืงืึทืžืคึผืึธื•ื ืึทื ืฅ ื™ื ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ: ื“ื™ "ืคึผืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืกืข" ืึทื˜ืจืึทืงืฉืึทืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ื™ืžืคืก ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ืกืขืกื˜.

ื ืจื™ื™ึทื–ืข-ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืึทืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขื ื“ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ื’ื•ื•ืึทืœื“, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš-ื™ืจืึทื ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื“ืึทืœื“ ืœื™ืจื™ืกื™ื–ืึทื ื“ื•ืจืš ื”ื•ืžื‘ืขืจื˜ ื”ื•ืžื‘ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืœืึธืœื™ื˜ืึท ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื–ื•ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื–ืฉืึทื ืขืจื™ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ืกื•ื‘ื•ืจื‘ืึทืŸ ื›ืึธืจืขืจื– ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืกื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธื˜ืขืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ.

ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจืฅ, ืึท ื‘ืœืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ื“ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื– ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœื ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืก ืงืึทืจืึทืœ.
ืœืึธืœื™ื˜ืึท ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื ืึทื‘ืึธืงืึธื•ื•

ืคืฒืขืจ ืคืฒืขืจ

ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื ื™ื˜ -ืงืœืึทืกืึทืคื™ื™ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’, ืžืขืจ ืขืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืœื™ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทื›ืœืึธื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคึผืขืงืœ. ืึทืŸ ื™ื™ืจืึทื ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทืกื™ืง ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ืึท ืคืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉ ืงืึทืคึผืึทืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš.

ืงื™ืฆืขืจ: ืคืฒืขืจ ืคืฒืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ื”ื•ืžืึธื•ืก ืึทื“ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ ืœื™ื“ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš John Shade, ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืกืึทืกืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“. ื˜ืึทืงืข, ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ ืœื™ื“, ืคึผืœื•ืก ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืœืึธื’, ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืžื™ื ืึธื•ืก ืงืึธืจืคึผื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืžืขื ื˜ืึทื“ ืื™ื ื“ืขืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืคึผืจืึทืคืขืกืขืจ ื˜ืฉืึทืจืœืขืก ืงื™ื ื‘ืึธื˜ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื›ืŸ, Kinbote ืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืึท ื›ื™ืœืขืจื™ืึทืก ื–ื™ืš-ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ืขื ื“ืก ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ื•ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืึทืœืขืจืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื˜ื™, ืขืงืกืฆืขื ื˜ืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื•ื•ืขืจื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“, ืึท ืืžืช ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš ื ื•ื˜ืงืึทืก.

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึทื– ื‘ืœืึทืก ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื’, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขื˜ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•.

ืคืฒืขืจ ืคืฒืขืจ

ืคึผื ื™ืŸ

ืคืจืืคืขืกืืจ ืคื ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืืคืฉืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืื“ื™ื’ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืจืขืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐื™ืœืŸ ืžืืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืฆืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื”ื™ืœื™ื–ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื ืขืจืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื’ืืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืืŸ. ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื™ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื•ื•ืืก ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ืŸ, ื˜ืฉืขืคืขื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืกื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ื ืื•ืžืฆื•ื’ืื ื’.

ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจืกื˜ืข ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžืคืึทืจืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขืจื ื™ื˜ืขื˜: ืื•ื™ื˜ืืก, ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก, ืฆื•ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืกื˜ื ืก ืคืืจ ืื™ื, ืžืื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืœืขื’ืขืก, ืึท ื‘ืึทื ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืึทืžื‘ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืจืขืจืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ืคืึทื ืึทื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“. ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื™ืงื™ืึทื˜ืจืึทืกืฅ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื˜, ืึท ืคืจื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ื ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื™ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ื•ืจื‘ืึทื‘ืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข.

ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ, ื“ื™ ืœืขื›ืขืจืœืขืš ืคึผื ื™ืŸ ื™ืžืขืจื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉ ืคื™ื’ื•ืจ, ืึท ืกื™ื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ื–ื™ื™ึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื ื“ืึทืกื˜ืจื™ืึทืœ ืึทื ืกื™ื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ืึธืš ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืจืขืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื›ืฉื™ื•ื•ืขืก.

ื“ืึธ ื ืึทื‘ืึธืงืึธื•ื• ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจื™ื–ื™ื– ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืึทื ื˜, ื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืจื™ืœืึทืงืกื˜, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื’ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ืึทื–, ื˜ืจืึธืฅ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืคืึทืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง.
ืคึผื ื™ืŸ, ื ืึทื‘ืึธืงืึธื•ื•

ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื‘ืึธืงืึธื•ื• ...

ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ื‘ื™ื›ืขื˜ื™ื ื’

ื“ื™ ืึทื‘ืกื•ืจื“ื™ื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื“ื™ืกืงืึทื•ื•ืขืจื“ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื•ืžืึทื ืฅ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื”ืึทื ื’ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืœืŸ. Cincinnatus, ืึท ืงืึธื ื“ืขืžื ืขื“ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืคื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜, ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืžืึธื•ืžืึทื ืฅ. ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืžืึทืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉื“ ืคึผืขืจืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืœ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– Cincinnatus ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืœืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื“ื™ ืึทืจื•ื ืื™ื ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจืึธืœืข ...

ืงื™ืฆืขืจ: Cincinnatus C. ืื™ื– ืึท ื™ื•ื ื’ ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกืขื ื˜ืึทื ืกื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืึทื ืกืคึผื™ืงืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืขื“ืึทื“. ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื˜ืฉื™ืง ืฆืขืœ, Cincinnatus ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš ื ื™ื™ื˜ืžืขืจ.

ื“ื™ ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืžืข, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืจืžืข ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจ, ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืคืจื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ืกื™ื ืึทื˜ื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื˜ืึทื’ืึทื ืึทืกื˜ ืก ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื™ึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคืขื ื˜ื™ืง, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืœื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง, ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื™ื“ืœื™ื™ื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืึทื ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืขืจื™ืฉ ื“ืขืžื™ื•ืจื’ืข ืขื ื“ืก. , ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1935.

ืคืืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ื›ื™ืคึผ

ืžืœืš, ื“ืึทืžืข, ื“ื™ื ืขืจ

ืดื“ืืก ืคืฒืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื—ื™ื” ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืจืฒืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืžืฒื ืข ืจืืžืื ืขืŸืด, ื”ืื˜ ื ืื‘ืืงืึธื•ื• ื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืดืžืœืš, ื“ืึทืžืข, ื“ื™ื ืขืจืด, ืึท ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจืข, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื ืฆื™ืึทืœืขืจ, ืคึผืจื•ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจืœืึธื–ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืึทืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึฟืึทืจื”ื™ื™ืจื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจ. .ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฒึพืจืฒื›ืข ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืขืจ.

ื“ื™ ืฐืฒื‘ ืคืืจืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืฒึพื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ื ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื‘ื”ืื‘ืขืจ. ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืืš, ื–ื™ ืงืึทื ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื• ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืขืœื™ืžื™ื ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืึทืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ืžืคึผืœื™ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉ, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืึทื‘ืึธืงืึธื•ื•. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืœืึธืจ ืึธืจื˜ืึธื“ืึธืงืกื™, ืึท ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ืง ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉ ืงืึทืžืคึผืœืขืงืกื™ื˜ื™ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืข, ืึท ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ืคึผืจื™ื–ื™ื“ืึทื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืก.

ืขืจื™ื“ื–ืฉื ืึทืœื™ ืืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ XNUMX ืก ืื•ืŸ ื™ืงืกื˜ืขื ืกื™ื•ื•ืœื™ ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืจืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืึทื‘ืึธืงืึธื•ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ XNUMX ืก, "ืžืœืš, ืœืึทื“ื™, ื“ื™ื ืขืจ" ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉ ืขืงืกืคึผืจืขืกืกื™ืึธื ื™ืกื, ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืคื™ืœื, ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผื•ืœืœ ืึท ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฅ. ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ. ื ืึทื‘ืึธืงืึธื•ื• ื‘ืึทืฉื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืึทืจืฉื•ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื˜ืืžืื˜ืŸ, ืœืื›ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืงืึทืจื™ืฆื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคืึทืจื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ื™ื˜ ืึท ืึธื ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ.

ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’

ืึท ืžืึธื“ื ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื ืึทื‘ืึธืงืึธื•ื•ืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ื“ืขื ืคึฟืึทืจืžืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืึทืœื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืžื™ื’ืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ-ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืจ ื“ืฒึทื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“. ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืœืขืจื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ืข ื‘ื•ืจื–ืฉื•ืื–ืข, ืื™ื– ืกืžื•ืจืึธื•ื•, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืึทื’ืึทื ืึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืจืึทืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืžืึธืจื“, ื˜ื™ื™ืœืžืึธืœ ืึท ื‘ืึธืœืฉืขื•ื•ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืึธืœ ืึท ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ-ืžืœื—ืžื”; ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ.

ืึทื–ื•ื™, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืขื– ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ (ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืขืžืขืจืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืกืฆืขื ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก, ื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื ืึทื‘ืึธืงืึธื•ื•ื™ืึทืŸ: ื“ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืš-ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ืึธืงืง ืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื”ืึทืžืžืขื“, ืงื™ืกืจ, ืคึผื•ืฉืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืกืžื•ืจืึธื•ื• ืก ื”ืึทืจืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืกืึทืกืคึผื™ืฉืึทืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“), ื ืึทื‘ืึธืงืึธื•ื• ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ืกืš ื•ื•ืฒึทื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืฒึทืœ ื“ื™ ืขื ื™ื’ืžืึท, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื˜ืขื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืึธืคื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื›ืึทืžืขืœืขืึธืŸ. ืึทืŸ ืึธืจื’ื™ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืฆืขืžื™ืฉืขื ื™ืฉ, ืึท ื˜ืึทื ืฅ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ, ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื ืงึพืคึฟืฒึทืขืจื•ื ื’, "ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื’" ืื™ื– ืึท ืฆืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ืžืขืจืขืจ ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื ืึทื‘ืึธืงืึธื•ื•.

5/5 - (6 ื•ื•ืึธื•ืฅ)

ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’

ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืงื™ืกืžืขื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื. ืœืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜.