ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ 3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ Umberto Eco

ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื˜ ืกืขืžื™ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืกื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืคืึธื•ืงืึทื•ืœื˜ ืก ืคึผืขื ื“ื•ืœื•ื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื–ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ืŸ. ื•ืžื‘ืขืจื˜ืึธ ืขืงืึธ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืงืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืกืคึผื™ืœื™ื ื’ ื—ื›ืžื” ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ.

ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ (ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคื™ืœืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ), ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึท ืคืึทืกืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื•ื“ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื™ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื“, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ึทื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืกืœืึธื•ืœื™, ืกืงืจื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ.

ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืœื™ื ืงืก ืื•ื ื“ื–, ืžื™ืจ ืงืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื’ืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื™ืŸ o Javier Sierra ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืืฆื™ืื ืืœืข ืคึผืึทื ืึธืจืึทืžืึท, ืฆื• ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ืขืก, ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืข ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืึท ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืขื ื™ื’ืžืึทืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืืจื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข.

Umberto Eco ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึทืกืึทืคื™ืงืึทืœ ืขืกื™ื™, ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกืึธืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืฆื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื™ืฉื•ื–, ืขืงืึธ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืจืื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืงืึทืคึผื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืœื™ืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ.

3 ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ Umberto Eco

ื“ื™ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื–

ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื™ึทืกื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื—ื‘ืจ. ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืขืก ืจื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ืžื™ืœื™ืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืฆื• ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืึท ืึธื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืึธื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•, ืขืก ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’.

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืื˜ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืกืึทืคื™ืกื˜ืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ืจืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื ื’ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืœ, ืึท ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ ืคืึทืœ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืคืขืงืฅ ืึท ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื– ื•ื ื˜ืขืจืคืึทืœืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“. .

ืฉื•ืจืœื™ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคึฟื™ืœื: ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, ื“ื™ ืึทืงืึทืœื˜, ื“ื™ ืคืึทืœืฉ ืžืึธืจืึทืœ, ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ, ืฉื•ืœื“, ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ื“ ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ื“ืขื˜ืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ืึธื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ...

ื“ื™ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื–

ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื–ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ ืคืจื™ืขืจ

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืึธืจ 1643, ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืกืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึทืกื˜ ืึทื– ืžื™ืกืคึผืœื™ื™ืกื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืึทืžื™ื™ื– ืื™ืจ. Roberto de la Grive ืคื™ื™ืกืึทื– ืึท ื ื™ื™ึทืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืฉื™ืคึผืจืขืง ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงื™ืžืึทื˜ ืขื ื“ืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ.

ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืึทื ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืคืึทืงื˜ ืึทื– ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืงืจื™ื›ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืึท ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืขืก ..., ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืคึผืึธื•ื“ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜, ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืจื™ืžืœื™ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืงืึทืœ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื—ืชืžืขื˜ ืึทืจื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืกื™ ืงืœืึทืจืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกืฆืขื ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืึธื“ื™ืกืกื™ื™.

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืจืึธื‘ืขืจื˜ืึธ ืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฆื• "ื“ื™ ืœืึทื“ื™", ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืคึผื™ืกืึทืœื– ืจืึธื‘ืขืจื˜ืึธ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงื˜ืขื“ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื ื™ืจืึทืกื˜ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜.

ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืจืึธื‘ืขืจื˜ืึธ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืจ ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ... ื ื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืœ ื’ืึทื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื˜ืฉื™ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืกื˜ืจืึทื ื“ืขื“ ื™ื  ืขืจื’ืขืฆ ื ื™ื˜.

ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื–ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ ืคืจื™ืขืจ

ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทื’ ื‘ื™ื™ืก - ื•ื™ืœืขื

ื•ื•ืึธืก ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข? ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืืžืช ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืึธ-ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืฉืขืจื“ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš.

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ... ืึทืœืฅ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืžืึทื ื™ืคึผื™ืึทืœืึทื‘ืึทืœ ... ื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึท ืกื™ืžืึธื ื™ื ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ึทื’ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜? ืกื™ืžืึธื ื™ื ื™, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื˜ืึทื’ืึทื ืึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ XNUMX ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉ.

ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืฆื• ื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึท ืงืฉื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืขืจื™ืึธืจื™ ืžืึทื ื™ืคึผื™ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืคึผืจื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืขื“ืขืจ ืกืขืจืึทื•ื ื“ืึทื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทื ืึทืœืคืึทื‘ืขื˜ื™ืฉ, ืึธืŸ ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœ ืจื™ื™ื–ืึทื– ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืขื– ืกื™ื ืขืจื™ืึธื•ื–.

ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทื’ ื‘ื™ื™ืก - ื•ื™ืœืขื
5/5 - (9 ื•ื•ืึธื•ืฅ)

ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’

ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืงื™ืกืžืขื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื. ืœืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜.