3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ Milan Kundera

ืึทืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืžื™ืœืึทืŸ ืงื•ื ื“ืขืจืึท, ืื“ืข ืจ ื–ืฒ ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ , ื‘ื™ ืŸ ืื™ ืš ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ ืง ืฆื•ื’ืขืงื•ืžืข ืŸ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจ ืŸ ืื™ ืŸ ืžืฒื  ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืื˜ืขืง . ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืงืึธืจืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ.

ื“ื™ ืึทื ื‘ืขืจืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ื ืึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ื™ื ื™ืฉืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื˜ื™ืึทืœื™ื–ื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื•ื ื’ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืงืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืคืจืื’ืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ...

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื’ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงืึทื•ื•ืขืจื“, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉืขื›ื™ืฉ ื‘ืึธื›ืขืจ ืืจื•ื™ืก, ืึท ืืžืช ื–ืฉืขื ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ื–ืฉืึธืกืข ืœื•ื™ืก ืกืึทืžืคึผืขื“ืจืึธ, ื–ื•ื›ื ื“ื™ ืง ื ื ืืฆื™ืื ืืœ ืŸ ืคืืจืืœืขืœื™ื–ื , ืื™ ืŸ ื“ืข ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆืฑื  ื’ ืคื• ืŸ ื–ืฒื  ืข ืคืœืขืฆืขืจ .

ืื•ืžืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงื•ื ื“ืขืจืึท ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืขืจืฉื˜ ืžืœื™ืฆื•ืช, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืžืงื•ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืคึฟืขืจ, ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคึฟืขืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ืึทืงืขื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืกืคึฟืงื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืžืึธืจื˜ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื“ืขื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืกืขืงื•ื ื“ืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ื.

ื‘ืœื™ ืกืคืง ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืจืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคื•ื ื“ืึทืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœ ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ (ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“), ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜.

Top 3 ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืจืึธืžืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœืึทืŸ ืงื•ื ื“ืขืจืึท

ื“ื™ ืึทื ื‘ืขืจืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ื ืึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืขื ื“ื™ืง

ื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ื”ื™ืคึผืึธื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ืกื•ืฃ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืœืขืฆื˜ ืกืขืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ื•ื•ื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื‘ืขืจืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ื ืึทืก ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ื”ืขืึทืจื˜ื‘ืจืขืึทืง ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคื™ืœื– ื•ืžืคืขื™ืง ืฆื• ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ.

ืžื™ืงืกื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืข ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืœื™ื™ึทื“ื ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื”, ืฆื• ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืขืคึผืขืก ื•ื•ื™ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ. ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ: ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื•ืžืึทื ืฅ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ.

ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื’ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜. ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื‘ืึทืœืึทื ืกืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืขื ื“ื™ืง. ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืึทืกืึทืคื™ืงืึทืœ ืึธื•ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืึธื•ื ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ืึทืงืกืขืก ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืกืึทืคื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืึทื– ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืœื™, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึผืœืึทื ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื™ื ืกืขืคึผืขืจืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’.

ื“ื™ ืึทื ื‘ืขืจืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืœื™ื™ื˜ื ืึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืขื ื“ื™ืง

ื“ื™ ื™ื ืžืึธืจื˜ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™

ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื‘ืึทืœ, ื’ืึธืจ ืคึผืจื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื‘ืึทืœ. ืื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึทื– ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ื™ืกืงื•ืกื™ืข. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ืฃ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืขื ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ึทื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืจื˜.

ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืคื•ืŸ Agnes. ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึผืึธื•ื–ืึทื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกื™ืžื– ืฆื• ืึธื•ื•ื•ืขืจืึทืงื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื ืึธืจ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืžืึธืจื˜ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ืงื•ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ึท ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ื–ืื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ึท ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ืึทื’ื ืขืก ืžืึทืจืงืก ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืฆื• ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜.

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทื‘ื“ื–ืฉืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืœื™ืžืคึผื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ื–ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคื•ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ื’ืงื™ื ื’ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธืœ.

ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืคึฟื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคึฟื™ืข, ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื” ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืžืึธืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื—ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืข. ืžืขืจื‘ ื—ื›ืžื” ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ืึทื– ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืึทื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืึทืคึผืึทื ื–.

ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืงืึทื•ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืคืขืกืขืจ ืึทื•ื•ืขื ืึทืจื™ื•ืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืจื˜ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ ืงืึทืžืคึผืœืขืงืกืึทื– ืฆื• ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉ ืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืœืขื ื’ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืคืขืžืขืจืึทืœ.

ื‘ื•ืš-ืื•ื™ืžืึธืจื˜ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™

ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื”ืึทื ื’

ืงื•ื ื“ืขืจืึท ืก ืžืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื ืึธื›ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืงืึทื ืึทืœ ืฆื• ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืงืฉื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ืคืืจื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ื™ืžืึธืจื˜ืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื’ืึทื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืก.

"ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ึทืกืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื”ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื•ืจื˜ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ-ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจืึทื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ืกื™ื™ืคืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ื™ื™ึทื˜.

ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืึธื‘ืกืขืจื•ื•ืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืœืึทื•ื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื• ืึทืจื•ืžื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ "ืึท ืงื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื ื’ื–."

ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืกื™ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ืœืึทืŸ ืงื•ื ื“ืขืจืึท ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื”ืึทื ื’ ืฆื• ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ ื“ื™ืึทืœืึธื’ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฆื™ืข.

ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื˜ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืก ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืึทืกืคึผืขืงืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื“ืึทืกืขืกืขืจื–, ื•ื•ืึธืก, ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืจ, ื™ื ืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืกืึทืงืกืขืกืขืจื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ: Rabelais, Cervantes, Diderot, Fielding, Flaubert, Joyce, Kafka, Garcรญa Mรกrquez ... ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข "ืคึผืœื™ืึทื“" ืึทื– ืงื•ื ื“ืขืจืึท ืฉืึทืจืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ืœื•ืžืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. "

ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื”ืึทื ื’

ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ Milan Kundera

ื ื›ื™ื™ื“ื–ืฉืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืžืขืจื‘

ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืงื•ื ื“ืขืจืึท ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื™ืจืืคืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ XNUMX ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืกืึธื•ืกื™ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ืจืืคืขื™ืฉืข XNUMX ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืึธืŸ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื›ึผื•ืœืœ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื™ื•ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ ื›ืึทืคึผืึทื ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืงื•ื ื“ืขืจืึท ืก, ืจื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืขืจื“ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืกืฅ ื™ืžืคึผืœื™ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื•ืคื“ืขืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš-ืคื•ืœืคื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืขื ...

ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืขื›ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 1967ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื“ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืึทืœืงื™ื™ื˜: ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ื™, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึทืกื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื’ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืฆืขื‘ืจืึธื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื ืคืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืึทื ื˜ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืฉืขื›ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืงื˜ื•ืึทืœ: ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืขื“ืข ืคึฟืึทืจืŸ ืฉืจืฒึทื‘ืขืจึพืงืื ื’ืจืขืก ืื™ืŸ XNUMX, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื˜ืึธื ืึธืžื™ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืจืฒึทื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืคึฟืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื›ื™ื™ื“ื–ืฉืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืžืขืจื‘ (1983), ื ืœืื ื’ืขืจ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืžืืœื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืคืืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื“ืขื‘ืื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ื™ืจืืคืขื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก.

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื˜ืึธืจืฉื™ืคึผ, ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื‘ืึทืจื™ื–ืึทื ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื’ื–, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจื™ืžืึธื ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ ื•ื•ืขื’, ื•ื•ืึธืจื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“ (ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื™ืึทืŸ. ืกืึธื•ื•ื™ืขื˜) ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข.

ื ื›ื™ื™ื“ื–ืฉืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืžืขืจื‘
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ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’

ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืงื™ืกืžืขื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื. ืœืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜.