ื“ื™ 3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขืึธื ืึทืจื“ืึธ ืคึผืึทื“ื•ืจืึท

ืœืขืึธื ืึทืจื“ืึธ ืคึผืึทื“ื•ืจืึท, ืงื•ื‘ืึทืŸ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื ื–ืœ. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืœืขืึธื ืึทืจื“ืึธ ืคึผืึทื“ื•ืจืึท ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืคืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืจื™ืขืจืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ืคึผืึทื“ื•ืจืึท, ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื˜ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ื™ื“ ืฆื• ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทื ื“ื ืขืกืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื– ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืœืขื ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™.

ืžื™ืจ ื™ื•ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆื™ื™ึท ื–ืฉืึทื ืจืึท ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฅ ืฆื• ืงืึธื•ืœื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืžืขืจ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืจื“ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื™ืง ืขืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืฉืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื ืขืคึผืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื•ื•ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ.

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื•ื™ ืœืขืึธื ืึทืจื“ืึธ ืคึผืึทื“ื•ืจืึท ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทื– ื‘ื™ื™ื–, ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืึทืžืึทืกื™ื™ื“ืึทืœ ืึทืกืคึผืขืงื˜, ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื. ื•ื•ืื•ื”ื™ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก, ืึท ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ืกืึทื‘ื“ื–ืฉืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืึทืงืกื™ืžื•ื ื ืขืงืึธืžืข, ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฅ ื–ืฉืึทื ืจืึท ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜.

ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึท ื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกื™ืง ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฅ ื–ืฉืึทื ืจืึท, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืง ืคืึทืกืขื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืกืึทื‘ื“ื–ืฉืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื™ืžืคึผืจืขืกืกื™ืึธื ืก. ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ืงื•ื•ืึทื“ืจืึทื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ ืึทืกืขืกืžืึทื ืฅ. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทื“ืจืขืกื™ื– ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’, ืžืืžืจื™ื, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืกืฅ.

3 ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ Leonardo Padura

ืžืึทืกืงืก

ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืœื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื•ื•ื•ืขืจื•ื•ืขืœืžื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื™ื•ื•ืึธื•ืง ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ (ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึท ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ืึทื˜ืฉื™ื•ื•ื– ื“ืขื ืจืขื–ืึทื“ื• ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜) ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆื™ื™ึท ืœื•ื˜ืขื ืึทื ื˜ ืงืึธื ื“ืข ื ืขืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืœ.

ื ื˜ืจืึทื ืกื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื™ื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื•ืฆืงืขืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ืึท. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืœืขืงืกื™ืก ืึทืจื™ื™ึทืึทืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืงื•ื‘ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ืคึผืœืึธืžืึทื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืึทืงื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืจื– ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืขื ื“ืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกืขืจืึทื•ื ื“ื– ืžืึทื›ื˜, ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืกืคืขืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืข ื ืขื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจืงืก. ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืจ ื”ืึธืžืึธืคืึธื‘ื™ืึท.

ืกืขืงืฉื•ืึทืœืึทื˜ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคืืจืžืขืŸ, ืึทืŸ ืึทืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืกืึทืคึผืึธื•ื–ืึทื“ืœื™ ืึธืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืœ (ื•ื•ื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš), ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืœ ืึท ื˜ืจืขื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืก ืกื™ื‘ื” ืคึฟืึทืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืืฃ ืจืึทืงืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืึทืกืึทืžืคึผืฉืึทื ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืœ. ื”ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ืึท ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทืกืงืก ื•ื•ื• ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, ื“ื™ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื™ื ื’ ื˜ืึธืคึผืœ ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“ืก ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึทืžืคึผืึธื•ื–ื™ื ื’ ืึท ื›ืึทืจื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ื‘ื™ืœื“.

ืžืึทืกืงืก, ืคึผืึทื“ื•ืจืึท

ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ืขื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜

ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืคึผืึทื“ื•ืจืึท, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฅ, ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึท ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ื‘ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืึท. ืจืขื•ื•ื™ืขื•ื•ืขื“ ืื•ืŸืึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืœืขืฆื˜ื ืก ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื“ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ืึทืคึฟื•ืŸ Yasmina Khadra.

ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜, ืื™ืš ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืึท ื‘ื•ืš ื•ื•ืึธืก ื›ึผื•ืœืœ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึทื ืึทืœืึธื’ื™ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืจืขืคืขืจืจืขื“, ืœืคึผื—ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทื‘ื“ื–ืฉืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคึผืจื™ื–ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขื ืกืฆืขื ืึทืจ. Leonardo Padura ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึท ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื–ืขืื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื‘ืึทืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ืฉื˜ืึธื˜.

ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ Mario Conde (ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ื ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ ืคืึทืงื˜ ืื™ื– ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืึทืœ), ืžื™ืจ ืึทืจื•ืžืคืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื”ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ืึท ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึทื“ืึธื•ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจื™ื‘ื‘ืขืึทืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื™ึทื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืคึผืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืœ ืžื™ืจ ืžืึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื ืึธื™ืจ ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืจืึทื“ื™ืกื™ืึทืœ ืึธืจื˜.

ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš, ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืจื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ื’ื•ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึทื–. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืœื“ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ื’ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš. Mario Conde ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžืึทืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืึทื ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืœื“, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืกื˜ืึธืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœ ืงื•ื ืกื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ืึทืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ ...

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉ ืึทืจื•ื ื“ืขื ืกื˜ืึธืœืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฅ ืฆืขืœืงืข, ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ืš. ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืงื•ื‘ืึท? ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืคึฟื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืข ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื•ื ื’ึพื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืฃ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจึพืžืœื—ืžื”, ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืœื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ืคึฟื™ืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื ื™ื. ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืŸ...

ืื–ื•ื™, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš, ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทื‘ืœื™ ื”ื ืื” ื“ื™ ืจืึทืžืึทืคืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื ื’ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึทืกื˜ืขืจื™, ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืจื™ืคืœืขืงืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืงืึทื ืกื™ื“ืขืจื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื ืขืจื˜ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฅ ืฆืขืœืงืข.

ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ืขื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜

ืืคื™ืงื•ืจืกื™ื

ื“ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ื–ื ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ืคื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืฉื•ืฅ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื”ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ืึท ืื™ืŸ 1939 ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืกืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ืขื ืงืฉืึทืคื˜ ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื“ืขืจื™ืฉ ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืึทืก. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื•ืžืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืกืœืึทื’ืขืจืŸ.

Padura ืกื˜ืึทืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืกื™ืขื” ืฆื• ื™ื  ืขืจื’ืขืฆ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึท ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืœื™ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ื’ืขืžืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ Rembrandt ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื™ืขื ืข ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืงื•ื‘ืึทืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืœืก ืคืึทืจื’ื™ื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคืึทืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืกื™ืœ. ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืงืึทืžื™ื ืกืงื™, ืึท ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืึทืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืœืึทื ื“ื™ื ื’, ืื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ 2007, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืžืขืœ. ืœื•ื˜ืขื ืึทื ื˜ ืงืึธื ื“ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื• ื”ืขืœืคืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ื•ืึทืœื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืžืขืœ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜...

ืืคื™ืงื•ืจืกื™ื

ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ Leonardo Padura

ืœื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืฉ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ

ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ 20 ื™ืืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ืกื™ืœื•ื–ืฉืึทื ื“ Mario Conde ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ "Past Perfect". ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ืึทืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืฉ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธื›ืขื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื’. ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ึทื ื“ืœืขืš ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ Mario Conde de ืœืขืึธื ืึทืจื“ืึธ ืคึผืึทื“ื•ืจืึท.

ื”ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ืึท, 2016. ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉ ืฉืึธืงืœื˜ ืงื•ื‘ืึท: ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจืึทืง ืึธื‘ืึทืžืึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคึฟืŸ ื“ืขื "ืงื•ื‘ืึทืŸ ื˜ืึธ" โ€• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืึทืžื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื ื˜ 1928 โ€• ื‘ืึทื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืจืึธื•ืœื™ื ื’ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืฉืึทื ืขืœ. ืฉื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืงืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื˜ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื–ืœ ืงืึทืคึผื•ื™ืขืจ.

ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื‘ืึทืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจื“ืขืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆื™ื™ึท, ืึธื•ื•ื•ืขืจื•ื•ืขืœืžื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืขื–ืึทื“ืขื ื˜ืฉืึทืœ ื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืึทืจื™ืึธ ืงืึธื ื“ืข ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’. ืงืื ื“ืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืช ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืืกืืš ืฉื•ื ืื™ื, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจื’ืื ื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืืœืก ืฆืขื ื–ืืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื–ืืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืืคืœืื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืื’ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื•ื•ืืœื•ืฆื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื“ืขืกืคืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื›ื–ืจ, ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืืจื™ืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ืงืกื˜ืึธืจืฉืึทื ื–.

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืงืขืจืคืขืจ ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืžืืจื“ืขื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืื“ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ, ืžื•ื– ืงืื ื“ืข ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื™ื™ึทื›ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจืฆื™ื—ื”.

ืฆื•ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื˜ืึทื’ืึทื ืึทืกื˜, ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ืึท ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจื™ื‘ื‘ืขืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื˜ - ืึธื˜ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืึทื– Halley ืก ืงืึธืžืขื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ. ื ืžืึธืจื“ ืคืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืข ื”ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ืึท ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืคืŸ ืงืึทืžืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืึทืœื‘ืขืจื˜ืึธ ื™ืึทืจื™ื ื™, ืจืึทืคื™ื ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ื˜ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”, ืงื™ื ื’ืคึผื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึทืžื‘ืœื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืข ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจืขื ื˜ Lotot, ืึท ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ืกืคึผื™ื•ืฅ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ืžืึทื ืึทื ืก. ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขื’ ืึทื– ืืคื™ืœื• Mario Conde ืกืึทืกืคึผืขืงืฅ ื ื™ืฉื˜.

ืœื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืฉ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื“ื•ืจืš Leonardo Padura
5/5 - (10 ื•ื•ืึธื•ืฅ)

7 ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ "ื“ื™ 3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขืึธื ืึทืจื“ืึธ ืคึผืึทื“ื•ืจืึท"

  1. ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–.
    ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ืกืงืึทื•ื•ืขืจื“ ืžืจ. ืคึผืึทื“ื•ืจืึท, ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ืขื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึท ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืžื•ื’ืฉืึธื˜ - ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื™ื. ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ ื“ืขื˜ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• (ืึท ืคืึทืš ื•ื•ืึธืก ื™ื ืคืึธืจืžื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืึท) Mario Conde ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืขื ื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื ืขืจืก, ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื˜ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™. ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงื•ื‘ืึท. ืึทื•ื•ืึทื“ืข, ื“ื™ ื™ื ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืึทื ืกื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ื– ืึท ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืขื– ืื•ืŸ ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜. ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืงืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืึทื ืกื™ื– (positive ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื’ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•) ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืื ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืจืขื“ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ื•ื•ืขื’, ืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉ - ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจืึทื˜ืึทื“ ืึทื–ื•ื™.

    ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกืึทื•ื•ืขืก ืขืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ืึทื›ื–ืึธืจื™ืขืก, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืจืขื ื“ืฉื™ืคึผืก. ื”ืขืจ. ืงืึธื ื“ืข ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืขื ื“ื–. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืžืคึผืึทื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื•ื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืžืคึผืึทืฉืึทื ืึทื˜ ืคึผืขืจืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•. ื˜ื™ืฃ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉืŸ ืขืก, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื—ื‘ืจ. ืึทื”! ืื•ืŸ ืœืืžื™ืจ ืขืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ; ื“ืขื˜ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืงืึธื ื“ืข ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขืจ ืœืขืึธื ืึทืจื“ืึธ ืคึผืึทื“ื•ืจืึท ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ.

    ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ
    • ื“ืื ืง ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืึทื ื˜ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ึทืขืจ.
      ื’ืจืขืขื˜ื™ื ื’ืก!

      ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ
  2. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื”ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืืจ. ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื—ื–ืจืŸ "ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ .."

    ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ
  3. ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ, Leonardo Padura ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืงื•ื‘ืึทืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื‘ืขืœ ืคืจื™ื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ.
    ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื”ื™ื ื˜, ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ืœื™ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜.

    ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ
  4. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ืืก ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื”ื™ื ื˜.
    ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ.
    ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ, โ€‹โ€‹ืžืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ.
    ื›ืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ืขืก ืจื™ืคืœืขืงืก ื“ื™ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง.

    ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ
  5. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื”ื™ื ื˜, ื‘ืœื™ ืกืคืง ืคึผืึทื“ื•ืจืึท ืก ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืšโ€ฆ.

    ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ

ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’

ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืงื™ืกืžืขื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื. ืœืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜.