ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ 3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืึทืง ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ

El gรฉnero de las novelas de aventuras tuvo un efecto llamada e incluso una toma de relevo en gran parte de los escritores estadounidenses de los siglos XIX y principios del siglo XX. Asรญ, cuando el gรฉnero ya disfrutaba de su apogeo con la semilla sembrada por los europeos. En primer lugar, por ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื“ืขืคืึธ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื–ืฉื•ืœื™ืึธ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืจืื‘ืขืจื˜ ืœื•ื™ ืกื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื ืกืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจืžืข, ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืกื™ืžืžืขื˜ืจื™ืง ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืืจืง ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸื“ื–ืฉืึทืง ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, ืฐืขืžืข ืŸ ืื™ ืš ื‘ืจืขื ื’ ื ื”ืฒื ื˜ , ืื• ืŸ ื ื ืš ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื ืื•ื™ ืฃ ื“ืข ืจ ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืข ืจ ื–ืฒ ื˜ ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืง .

ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืึทืง ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืึทื˜ื™ื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื“ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืฉืขืจืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ื‘ืึทืฉืœื•ืก ืœืขืกืึธืฃ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคืขืจื“ ืฆื• ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื™ื•ื ื’ ื“ื–ืฉืึทืง ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธื“ืขืœ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื–ืืจื’ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ืืคื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœืข ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 14. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืึทืจื˜ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื’ืขืจ ืžืึทื–ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืขื•ื•ืœื•ืช (ืขืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ืึทืจืฒึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืžืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืจื•ืžื•ื•ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ).

A la vista de estos antecedentes, es fรกcil interpretar que lo del Jack London escritor, ademรกs de resultar propio de sus inquietudes, se base en un acercamiento autodidacta a la literatura. En su dispersiรณn vital, el bueno de Jack no dejaba escapar la oportunidad de entregarse a lecturas, sobre todo en su infancia y primera juventud.

ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ืงืขืจื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืœืขืกืึธืฃ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื–ืฉืึทื ืจืึท, ื“ื™ ืคื•ื ื“ืึทืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœ ื–ืฉืึทื ืจืึท ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืงืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืึทื– ืกืขืจื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ืขืก ื”ืื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ืขื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ื›ืึธื˜ืข ...

ื“ื–ืฉืึทืง ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ืก ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ 3 ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ:

ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก ื˜ืึทืงืก

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกื™ืง, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืžืช ืึทื– ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ื“ื™ืกืขื ื˜ืฉืึทื ื˜ืžืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงืึทื•ื•ืขืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืึทื“ืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืœืข ืžืืœ.

ื“ื–ืฉืึทืง ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืขื“ืœืขืšืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื ื™ื, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืืคื™ืœื• ืึท ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ึท ื–ื™ื™ึทืขื ื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื”ื•ื ื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ืงืึทื ื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ืขืจ ื—ื™ื” ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืึทื’ืจืขืกื™ื•ื• ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข.

ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทื‘ื™ืึทืœืึทืก ืขืžืคึผืึทื˜ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ ื”ื•ื ื˜, ืžื™ืจ ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืึทื ื˜ ืงืึธื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืกืึทืคึผื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืงื™ืึทืคึผื™ื™ื– ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืืฒื’ืขื ืข.

ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก ื˜ืึทืงืก

ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื•ื•ืึธืœืฃ

ื“ื™ ืกื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืึธื•ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ื™ื‘ื™ืง ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื•ื ื’. ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฆื• ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืคืจืขืžื“ ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืžื‘ืœืขื ืขืงืกืคึผืœื•ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืงื™ื ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืง.

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ื“ื™ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื ื’ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึท ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื ืฉืžื” ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื›ืึทื‘ืึทืจื ื™ืง.

ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคึผืจืขืงืขื“ ื”ื•ืžืคึผืจื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขืกืงื™ื•ืขืจ, ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืœืฃ ืœืึทืจืกืขืŸ, ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืฉืคึผืึทื ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืคื ื“ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ื™ื, ื•ื•ืื• ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฃ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืกืชื™ืžื•ืช, ื’ืขื ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžื™ืŸ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœืŸ ื“ื•ืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืื•ืœื”-ื’ืขืœื•ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜.

ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื”ืžืคืจื™ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืœืฃ ื–ืขืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืžืืœ ืื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื•ืืก ืžืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืง, ืคืืจ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ.

ื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื•ื•ืืœืฃ

ื“ื™ ืืฒึทื–ืขืจื ืข ืคึผื™ืึทื˜ืข

ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 1908, ื“ื–ืฉืึทืง ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืกืึธืกื™ืึธ-ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืจืขืคึฟืขืจืขื ืฅ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืจืขืคึฟืขืจืขื ืฅ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ืกื˜ืึธืคึผื™ืึทืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ: ื“ื–ืฉืึธืจื“ื–ืฉ ืึธืจื•ื•ืขืœ, ื‘ืจืึทื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ o ืึทืœื“ืึทืก ื”ื•ืงืกืœื™ื™.

ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื“ื–ืฉืึทืง ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื˜ืึทื ื˜ืœื™ ื“ื™ืกื˜ืึธืคึผื™ืึทืŸ ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื™ืึธืจ 1908 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื–ืฉืึทืง ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื“ื–ืฉืขืงื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื‘ื™ื– ื™ืึธืจ 2600. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื™ืึธืจ ื˜ืจืขืคึฟืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืึทื ื™ ืžืขืจืขื“ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื•ืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœื™ืกื˜.

ืึทื•ื•ื™ืก ืขื•ื•ืขืจื”ืึทืจื“ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ื ื’ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ twentieth ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืจืึธืŸ ื›ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืœื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“. ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจืข ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ืจืืคืขืื™ืฉืข ืžืึทืจืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื“ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืช ืื™ื–, ืึทื– ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืžื‘ืœืขื ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืงืึทืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ื–ื, ืึท ืฆืึธืจื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงืœื•ื’ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฆื• ืžืึทื ื™ืคึผื•ืœื™ืจืŸ, ืฉืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ื ืฒึทืขืกึพืจืขื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจื“ ืงืœืืกืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ... ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ?

4.3/5 - (6 ื•ื•ืึธื•ืฅ)

ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’

ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืงื™ืกืžืขื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื. ืœืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜.