ื“ื™ 3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ Hanya Yanagihara

ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืึธืŸ ืงืึทื ื˜ืึทืžืคึผืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืกืก. ืฆื• ืึทื“ืจืขืก ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึทื ืึทื’ื™ื”ืึทืจืึท ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื•ื’ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ืื™ื– ืคืจืขืžื“ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื•ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœ ืขืก ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–. ื•ื•ืขื  ืขืก ื™ื– ื•ืžื‘ืึทืงื•ื•ืขืžืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื™ืžืึธื•ืฉื ืึทืœื™ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืึทืœืขืงื˜ืฉื•ืึทืœื™ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืคืœืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืึทื ื˜ื”ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืงืึทืœ ื–ืขืื•ื ื’.

ื“ื™ ืœื•ืงืข, ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืžืขืกื™ืงืงื™ื™ื˜, ื“ื™ ื ืืจืžืืœื™ื˜ืขื˜... ื“ืืก ืืœืขืก ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืžืช. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ื•ื•ืึทืœื“, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึทื•ื•ืงืข ื˜ืจื•ืงื•ืœืขื ืกืข, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื˜ื™ืฃ ื•ืžืจื•ื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ื™ืฆืœ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืกื˜ืึทืงืก ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก.

ืื•ืŸ Yanagihara ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื–, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืžื•ืจื, ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืขืžื™ืง ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ืจื™ื˜ืฉืึทื– ื“ื™ ืคื™ื‘ืจืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืึทื ืขืงืฅ ืึทืœืฅ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจืขืžืคึผื˜ืึธืจื™ ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื•ื. ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ 'ืก ืœืขืฆื˜ ื›ื•ื•ื ื”. ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืจืขืงืึทื’ื ื™ื™ื–ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืจืึทื ืžืึทื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืคื™ื’ืœื˜. ื‘ื™ื– ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื– ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืคึผื•ืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ืขืคึผืœื“ื™ืง ืคึผืึทื˜ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜.

Top 3 ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ Hanya Yanagihara

ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ

ืึท ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื ื’ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืคื•ืŸ 1.000 ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ. ื ืžืึทืกื˜ืขืจืคืึทืœ ืคืึธื“ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ืจื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืึทืกืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช.

ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ... ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ. ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทื ืขืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื•ึผ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™? ื•ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง. ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืจื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ึทื ื“. ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืกืึธืฃ ... ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ื™ึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืก ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜?

ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ, ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืึธื•ื•ืขืจืก ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืขื ื“ืฉื™ืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื”ืึทื˜ื˜ืึทืŸ. ืคื™ืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืœื™ื™ึทื‘ื  ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉ, ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืขืžืึธืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœ ืงืจื™ื™ืกื™ื–. ืคื™ืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืึธื“ื ืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืึทืžืึทืกื™, ืึท ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ, ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ื“ื–ืฉืขืกื˜ืฉืขืจื–. ืคื™ืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ื™ืง ื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ.

ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืึท ืืžืช ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืึทืŸ ืึทื ืคึผืจืขืกื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื“ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ืžื™ื“ื™ืึท ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื™ื•ื ืึทื ืึทืžืึทืกืœื™ ืึทืงืœื™ื™ืžื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ. Hanya Yanagihara, ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ืื™ื– ืงืึทืžืคึผืขืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ Jonathan Franzen ืื•ืŸ Donna Tartt ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืึทืกื˜ืขืจืคืึทืœื™ ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืขืงืก ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคึฟืขืจืก ืฆื• ื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกืึทืœ ืคึฟืจืื’ืŸ. ื ื ื™ื™ืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืฆื• ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ.

ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ

ืฆื• ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ

ื“ื™ ื•ืงืจืึธื ื™ืง ื”ืื˜ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื˜ืึธืคึผื™ืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขืœืึทื ื›ืึธืœื™ืฉ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืฉืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืงืึทื˜ืึทื ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืขืจืจืึธืจืก. ื•ื•ืึทื ืึทื˜ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืืžื‘ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ืกื’ื™ื™ื“ื™ื“.

ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขืฆื™ืคืขืจืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืœืึธื•ืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืœืึทื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ืก ืงืึธืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืฃ. ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื™ื ื˜ืจืึทื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืจื™ืงืึทื ืกื™ื™ืœื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืึทื– ืœื™ื‘ืข ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึผืœืึทืฅ-ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคืœืึทืš ืึทื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ื™ื ืข ...

ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจื ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹1893 ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข, ื ื™ื• ื™ืืจืง ืื™ื– ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ื• ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขืš ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜. ื ื™ื™ื ื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืื™ื– ื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื–ืขืœื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืœืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืจืขืกื•ืจืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข.

ืื™ืŸ ืึท 1993 ืžืึทื ื”ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš "ื“ื™ ืงืจืขื ืง," ืึท ื™ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึทื•ื•ืึทื™ื™ืึทืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืขืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทื›ื ืึธืกืข ืคื™ืœ ื™ืงืกื™ื“ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืจื•ื™ืง ืงื™ื ื“ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ.

ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 2093, ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืจืึทื•ื•ื™ื“ื–ืฉื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื›ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืœื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื˜ืึธื˜ืึทืœื™ื˜ืึทืจื™ืึทืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜, ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ืขื’ื™ืขืก ืฆื• ื‘ืœื™ื™ึทื‘ื  ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจืœื™ืจืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’.
ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืกืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื™ืึทืก ืกื™ืžืคืึธื ื™ืข, ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคึผืึทืจืฅ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืžืึธื ื•ืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœ, ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกื˜ืึธืคึผื™ืึทืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืœื™ื‘ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื˜ืึทื’ืึทื ืึทืกืฅ, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืงืจื™ืฅ, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืงื ืึทืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ืฃ.ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ.

ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ

ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื™ืคึผืขืจื“ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืคื•ืŸ "ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ."

ืื™ืŸ 1950, Norton Perina, ืึท ื™ื•ื ื’ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ื ืก ื’ืจืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“, ื“ื–ืฉื•ื™ื ืฅ ืึทืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืึทื“ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืžื™ืงืจืึธื ืขืกื™ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืœ, Ivu'ivu, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืขื– ืฉื‘ื˜. ืขืก ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื• ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืื‘ืขืœ ืคืจื™ื™ื–: ื“ื™ ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืึทื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืœืึทื ื“ืขืจื–. ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ, ืขืจ ื“ื™ืกื™ื™ื“ื– ืฆื• ืึทื“ืึทืคึผื˜ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืจืึทื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืงื™ื™ึทื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 1995, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืึทื•ื ืกื˜ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื“ืœืขืŸ ...

ื‘ืฉืขืช ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืึท ื–ืึทืฅ, ืคึผืขืจื™ื ืึท ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ึท ืงืึธืœืขื’ืข ืจืึธื ืึทืœื“ ืงื•ื‘ืึธื“ืขืจืึท ืฆื• ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ ืคึผืจืขืกื˜ื™ื–ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“. ืึท ื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื’ื™ื ื’ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืžื‘ื™ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืึทืกืคึผื™ืฉืึทืก ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขืœืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก, ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื•ืžื‘ืขืจื˜ ื”ื•ืžื‘ืขืจื˜, ื˜ืฉืึทืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ื™ืงืก.

ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืžืขืจ
ืงื•ืจืก ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ

ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’

ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืงื™ืกืžืขื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื. ืœืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜.