ื“ื™ 3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ Sebastiรกn Roa

ื˜ืขืจื•ืืœ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ. ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืŸ Javier Sierra o Sebastian Roa ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืœืข ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืจืึทื’ืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื ืฅ. ืžื™ื˜ Javier Sierra ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉื•ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืจืึธื•ื ื“ืก. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืึธืึท, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืืœืก ืคืจื ืกื” ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ื ืื” ืคื•ืŸ ื ื–ืขืื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื’ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืืก ื‘ืืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ืžืงืขืจืขื ื™ืฉืŸ.

Suculentas tramas entre conflictos territoriales, religiosos o sociales; estrategias pre bรฉlicas y combates cuerpo a cuerpo. La violencia tambiรฉn explica nuestro pasado cuando las fronteras dependรญan de nuevos lazos de sangre, de decisiones polรญticas mรกs interesadas y de otro tipo de arbitrariedades que solo en la justicia de la espada podรญan encontrar resarcimiento. Sobre todo ello y mucho mรกs podemos encontrar en una bibliografรญa de Sebastiรกn Roa en expansiรณn creativa.

Top 3 ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ Sebastiรกn Roa

ื ืขืžืขืกื™ืก

ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืจืขื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทื˜ื”ืขื ืก. ืึทื˜ื”ืขื ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžืจื™ื“ื” ืงืขื’ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธืœืฅ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืึทื˜ืขื ื™ืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืœืึทื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืžืขื™ื ื™ืึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขื•ืกื™ืก. ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืžื•ื– ืื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืžื•ื– ืืžื ื™ืืก ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ.

XNUMX ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืง ืกื™ ืึทืจื˜ืขืžื™ืกื™ืึท ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจื™ืึท ืื™ื– ืึท ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืคืจื•ื™. ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืึทืกื˜ื™, Halicarnassus ื”ืขืจืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืึธืจืฉื™ืคึผ, ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืกื™ืก. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ืก: ืคื™ื™ืขืจ, ื˜ืขืจืึธืจ, ืžื™ื•ื˜ืึทืœื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืงืœืึทืคึฟืขืจื™ื™ึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื›ืขืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื’: ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื–, ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืžืจืขื›ื˜, ืืžืช ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืœื™ื’ื˜.

ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ: ืึทืŸ ืึทื˜ืขื ื™ืึทืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืจืึธืก ื’ืขืคืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฅ ื˜ืจื™ืจืขืžืข, ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทื•ืจืึธืก. ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืคึผื ื™ื ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืึธืจืžื–, ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื’ืจื™ื›ื ืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคื™ื™ึทืขืจ ืฆื• ืึทื˜ื”ืขื ืก ื–ื™ืš. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืœืึทื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื˜ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจืฅ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืจื™ื™ึทื– ื“ื™ ืึทืขื’ืขืึทืŸ ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฆื• ืžืงื™ื™ื ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืกื™ืข. ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืงืึธื ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ื™ืžืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืึทื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื›ืŸ.

ืจืึธืึท ืงืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืึทืกืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืกื˜ืึทืจื™ื ื’ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ ืœืขืึธื ื™ื“ืึทืก, ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ืขื’ื™ืกืฅ ื•ื•ื™ ื˜ื”ืขืžื™ืกื˜ืึธืงืœืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขืจืึทืœืก ื•ื•ื™ Mardonio ืึธื“ืขืจ Pausanias, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ, ืฆืึธืจื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ ืคืจื•ื™, ืžืืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข, ืึท ื•ืžื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ื ืึทื•ื•ื™ื’ืึทื˜ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืจืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื›ืŸ. ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื“ื™ืึทืœืึธื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจืึธื“ืึธื˜ื•ืก, ืึทืจื˜ืขืžื™ืกื™ืึท ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืจืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืึทืœื™ืงืึทืจื ืึทืกืกื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื‘.

ื’ืึธื˜ ืก ืึทืจืžื™ื™

ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืžืึธื”ืึทื“ ื˜ืจื™ืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึทืจืฅ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืขืจื™ืข, ืžื™ืจ ื”ื ืื” ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืง ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’.

Aรฑo 1174. El imperio almohade, fortalecido tras someter todo al-รndalus, se dispone a lanzar sus inmensos ejรฉrcitos sobre los divididos reinos cristianos, a cuyos pobladores obligarรก a convertirse al islam so pena de pasarlos a cuchillo o hacerlos esclavos. Frente al fanatismo africano, el rey Alfonso de Castilla trata de lograr un equilibrio que supere las rivalidades entre cristianos y lleve a la uniรณn contra el enemigo comรบn.

En ื’ืึธื˜ ืก ืึทืจืžื™ื™, ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ึทื“ื ืฉืึทืคื˜, ื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื’, ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื•ืŸ ืึทืžื‘ื™ืฆื™ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืึทืกื˜ืขืจืคืึทืœื™ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื“. ื“ื™ ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจื“ื™ืง ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœืจื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœื›ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืกื˜ื™ืœืึท, ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคึฟืŸ ืจื™ืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœื™ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง Castro ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทืจืึท ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืขืก, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคื˜ื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืขื ื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื˜ืจืข ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืคืจื•ื™, Urraca Lรณpez de Haro, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืึทื ื•ื•ื•ืขืจื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ึผื” ืขืœืขืึทื ืึธืจ ืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ืึทื’ืขื ืขื˜. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืกืœืื, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืึธืจื“ืึธื ืึธ ื“ืข ืขื–ืึท ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึฟืจืฒึทื ื“ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืึทืœื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ, ืื‘ืŸ ืกืึทื ืึทื“ื™ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจื›ืึทืคึผื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืงื˜ ืกืึทืคื™ื”, ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืžืœืš ื•ื•ืึธืœืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืึทืœืžืึธื”ืึทื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฅ ื™ืขืงื‘.

ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืึทืจื˜ืึท

ืคึผืจืึธืžืึทื˜ืฉื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืขืงืึท ืœื™ื‘ืข ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขืจืกืขื ืึทืจื™ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื“ืœืฉื˜ืึทื ื“. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคึผืึทืจื˜ืึทื ืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึผืจืึธืžืึทื˜ืฉื•ืก ืึทื“ืžื™ื™ืขืจื“ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื›ืึธื˜ื™ืฉ ืกืคึผืึทืจื˜ืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืจื™ืขืจ ืงื™ื“ื ืึทืคึผืก ื•ื•ืขืœืขืงืึท, ืคึผืจืึธืžืึทื˜ืฉื•ืก ื•ื•ืึทื•ื– ืฆื• ืจืึทื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืึทืจื˜ืึท ื–ื™ืš. ืื‘ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ืข ืืจืžื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœื™ืš ื—ืœื•ื. ืื“ืขืจ ืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืึทื˜ื”ืขื ืก, ืึท ื”ืึทื ื“ืคื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช ืงืึธื ืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืจืŸ. Epaminondas, Pelรณpidas, Agarista, Plato ... ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืœืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืœ: ืฆื• ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืึทืกื™ ื’ืขื›ืืคื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืกืคึผืึทืจื˜ืึท.

ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ Sebastiรกn Roa ...

ืึธืŸ ื ืฉืžื”. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื“ืข ืžืื ื˜ืคืืจื˜

ื’ืขืกื˜ืึทืก ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ. ื“ื• ื“ืืจืคืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืืจ ืœืื–ืŸ ืคืืจื˜ืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืžืคืขืจื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื•ื ื– ืฆื• ืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ืืก ืœืื–ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืืŸ ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ...

1206. ื ืึธืš ื“ืจื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกื™ืจื™ืึทืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ืึทื ื“ื–ืฉืึทืŸ, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื“ืข ืžืึธื ื˜ืคืึธืจื˜ ืงืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื ืึธืจืžืึทื ื“ื™. ืื‘ืข ืจ ื“ืข ืจ ืคืจืฒ ื– ืคื ืจ ืคืจืฒื”ืฒ ื˜ ืื™ ื– ื’ืขืฐืข ืŸ ื“ืข ืจ ืืคื–ืื’ ืŸ ืคื• ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืŸ ืืฒื’ืขื ืข ืจ ื ืฉืžื” , ื“ ื™ ืงืืžื™ืกื™ืข ืŸ ืคื• ืŸ ื ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื› ืŸ ืืงื˜ , ืฐืขืžืขื  ื ื–ืฒื  ืข ืคืืœื’ืŸ , ืฐืขืœ ืŸ ืื™ ื ื ืื› ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ , ืื™ื‘ืข ืจ ื“ืข ืจ ืืฒื‘ื™ืงืงืฒื˜ .

ืœืึธืขื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื™ื•ื•ืขืกื“ื™ืง ืœืึทื ื“ ืžืึทื ืขืจ, ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื ืึทื•ื•ื™ื’ื™ืจื˜ ืึท ื˜ืฉืึทื ื’ื™ื ื’, ื˜ืขืžืคึผื˜ื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคืจื•ื™, Alix de Montmorency, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข. ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืžืึทื–ืœ, ื—ืจื˜ื”, ื“ื™ ืคืึทืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื˜-ืึธื˜ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึฟืจืึทื ืงืจื™ื™ึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ื“ ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืกื™ืžืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื™ืงืก ื“ื™ืคึผืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’.

ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉื™ื™ึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืืคื™ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช. ืื–ื•ื™, ื“ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื’ืื•ืœื” ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจืžืึทื ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ืจื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคึฟืจืึทื ืงืจื™ื™ึทืš, ืฆื• ืึท ืœืึทื ื“ ืคึผืœื™ื™ื’ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื›ืึทืึธืก, ื’ื•ื•ืึทืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื– ื‘ืจืึธืš. ืฆื• ื ืฆืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ืข ืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ , ื’ืขื–ืขื ืŸ ืžื™ ื˜ ืื–ื• ื™ ืคื™ ืœ ืฉื ืื” , ื ื– ืžืข ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืืจ ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืืข ืจ ืฉื ื™ื˜ , ืคื• ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ื™ืง ืŸ ืื• ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ . ืฆื• ืึท ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกื™ืžืึธืŸ ื“ืข ืžืึธื ื˜ืคืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืคึผื ื™ื ืึท ืึทื ืคื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืžืœืš.

ืกื™ืžืึธืŸ ื“ืข ืžืึธื ื˜ืคืึธืจื˜, ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ึทื›ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืกื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ ืงืึทืจื™ืขืจืข, ืื™ื– ืึท ืžื™ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ืึธืจื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืคืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืงืึทืžืึทื ื“ืขืจ, ื˜ืจืึธืฅ ืึทืœืฅ ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืึทื ื“ื™ื“ ืคืึทื ืึทื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืึทื“ื˜ืขืจืกื˜ื™.

ืึธืŸ ื ืฉืžื”. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื“ืข ืžืื ื˜ืคืืจื˜
ืงื•ืจืก ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ

ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’

ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืงื™ืกืžืขื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื. ืœืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜.