ื“ื™ 3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ Simon Leys

ื•ื•ืขื  ืขืก ื™ื– ืขืก ื ืขืžื˜ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื“ื™ืขืจื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืงืึทืœื˜ืฉืขืจื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ื”ืึธืกืขื ื˜ืจื™ืง ืฉื™ืจืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉืขืจื“ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืข. ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื– (ืคึผืกืขื•ื•ื“ืึธื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืœื’ื™ืึทืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืขืจ Pierre Ryckmans) ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทืœื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื ืขื–ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืžืึธื•ื˜ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื“ื–ืฉืึทื–.

ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืœื™ื ื’ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืึทื˜ื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ ืกื™ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืกื˜, ืœื™ื™ื– ื˜ืฉืึทืžืคึผื™ื“ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืึธืžืึทื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกืึทืœ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฆื• ืงืึทื˜ืขืจ ื•ืงืจืึธื ืฉื™ืขืก, ืžื™ืกื“ื–ืฉืขื ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืงืฉืึทื ื–, ืึท ืกืึทื’ื“ื–ืฉืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื• ืกืฆืขื ืึทืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉื•ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜. ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’.

ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹Leys ืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืึธืกื™ื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ืึทื“ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืกื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ืึทืžื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืง. ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœ ืึท ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืฆื• ื’ืึธืจ ื”ื ืื”.

Top 3 ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืกืคืจ ื“ื•ืจืš Simon Leys

ื˜ืฉืขืจืžืึทืŸ ืžืึทื• ืก ื ื™ื™ึท ืคึผืึทืกืŸ

ื ืžืขืฉื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืžืขื˜ืึทืคืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืก ื ื™ื™ึท ืคึผืึทืกืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ืกืึทืžืคึผื˜ืฉื•ืึทืก ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก ืœืขืกืึธืฃ ื•ืžื–ืขื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท "ืคึผืฉื•ื˜" ืงื™ื ื“, ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ืฉืœื™ื™ืžืขืก ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ Mao Tse Tung.

ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืงื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื ื˜ืคืœืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืื•, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืžื™ื ืืœืข ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืกื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขื–ืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื•ื˜ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืŸ ืึทืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื›ื™ื ืขื–ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืžื•ื ื™ื–ื ืึทื“ืึทืคึผื˜.

ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื• ื™ืึธืจ, ืœื™ื™ื– ืึทื ืจืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื– ื“ื™ ืžืึทื ื•ื•ื•ืขืจื– ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทืึธื™ืกื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื–ื•ื™-ื’ืขืจื•ืคึฟืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืจืขื•ื•ืืœื•ืฆื™ืข, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ืคื™ื’ื”ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ื“ื™ืœื•ื–ืฉืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึผืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉื“ ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืึธื•ื˜ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืŸ ืคืจืขื ื–ื™. ืจื™ืึทืงืฉืึทื ื– ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคึฟืจืึทื ืงืจื™ื™ึทืš ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืึทืœืึทื ื˜, ืึทื˜ืึทืงื™ื ื’ ืœื™ื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืกื™.ืื™ื™.ืขื™.ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจื™ืึทืงืฉืึทื ืขืจื™.

ื ืึทืคึผืึธืœืขืึธืŸ ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜

ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึท ื•ื˜ืฉืจืึธื ื™ืึท ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืœื˜ืขืจื ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืก ืฆื• ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜. ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืงืึทื ื™ืงืœื™ ืคึผืจื™ื˜ืขื ืฉืึทืก ืกื˜ืึทืจื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืึทื“ืจืขืก ืœืขืกืึธืฃ ืžืขืจ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืขื ื“ืึทื ื˜ ืึทืกืคึผืขืงืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“. ื•ื•ืฒึทืœ ื™ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืึทืคึผืึธืœืขืึธื ืก ื ืึทืจืกื™ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜-ืžื™ื˜ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืžื”ื•ืช...

ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืกื™ืข, ืœื™ื™ืก, ื‘ืœื™ ืกืคืง, ื™ื•ื•ืึธื•ืงืก ื ืึทืคึผืึธืœืขืึธืŸ ืก ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœื‘ืึท ืื™ืŸ 1815. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ื™ื™ื“ืœื™ื™ื ื–, ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ ื’ืขืจืึธื˜ืŸ, ืึทืœืฅ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืžืขืจ ืงืจืขื“ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ...

ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืขืก ืคืืจืฉืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข ื•ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืคื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ืึทืคึผืึธืœืขืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง. ื ืึธืš ืึท ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื™ืึทืก ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทื ื˜ืึท ืขืœืขื ืึท, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื ืขื‘ืขืš ื™ืžืคึผืึธืกื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืจื™ืคึผืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืžืข.

ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ, ื ืึทืคึผืึธืœืขืึธืŸ ืคืจื•ื•ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืคึฟืจืึทื ืงืจื™ื™ึทืš ืฆื• ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“ื–ืฉื™ืŸ ืœืขื ืึธืจืžืึทื ื“, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืึทื ื“ืข ืขื ื“ืก ืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื ืึทืคึผืึธืœืขืึธืŸ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ืžื‘ืึทืงื•ื•ืขื ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขื ืคืึธืจืกื˜ ืึทื ืึธื ื™ืžื™ื˜ื™, ื“ื™ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืคืจืึธื ื˜ืขื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื  ืึท ืกืึธืฃ ืขืจืจืึธืจืก, ืžื™ืกืึทื ื“ืขืจืกื˜ืึทื ื“ื™ื ื’ื– ืื•ืŸ ืกืขื˜ื‘ืึทืงืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื• ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ืึธืก. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื˜ืขื˜? ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ, ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ื•ื™ื˜?

ื“ื™ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ืึทื•ื•ื™ืึท

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ืš ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึท ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืง ื“ืึทืฉ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืึธื‘ ืคืืงื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ืคึผืจืขืง.

ืื‘ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืก, ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขืจืŸ, ืœืขืกืึธืฃ ื“ืขืจื“ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. ืื• ืŸ ืฐืฒืกื ื“ื™ ืง ื–ืฒ ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข ื˜ ื”ื ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืข ืจ ื–ื™ ืš ื’ืขืงืื  ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ , ื ื– ื’ืืจื ื™ืฉื˜ , ืฐื ืก ืžืข ืŸ ื”ื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ ืŸ ืื™ ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ , ืฐืขื’ ืŸ ื“ ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ , ืฐืข ื˜ ื–ื™ ืš ืคืืจืžืขืจ ืŸ ืื“ืข ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื—ื–ืจืŸ . ื“ื™ ืึธื“ื™ืกืกื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืœืขื ืขืจืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข.

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 3-4 ื™ื•ื ื™ 1629, ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื˜ืึทื•ื•ื™ืึท, ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉ ืžื–ืจื— ื™ื ื“ื™ืึท ืคึฟื™ืจืžืข, ืื™ื– ืฉื™ืคึผื•ื•ืจืขืงืงืขื“ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื•ืกื˜ืจืึทืœื™ืึทืŸ ื™ืึทื‘ืึธืฉืข, ื ืึธืš ืงืึทืœื™ื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืึธืจืึทืœ ืึทืจื˜ืฉืึทืคึผืึทืœื™ื™ื’ืึธื•. ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืคึผืจืขืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš. ื‘ืฉืขืช Pelsaert, ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืคืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืžืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึท ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืคืœ ืฆื• ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืงืึธืจื ืขืœื™ืก, ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืืคื˜ื™ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขืจื•ื“ืคื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืืจืฒึทื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ืจื•ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื•ืึทืœื“.

ื“ื™ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ืึทื•ื•ื™ืึท
5/5 - (7 ื•ื•ืึธื•ืฅ)

ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’

ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืงื™ืกืžืขื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื. ืœืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜.