Louise Erdrich ืก 3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ

ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื Louise erdrich ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื›ื”ืขื ื“ืœืขืจ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืึทื‘ืกืึธืœื•ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜, ื•ื•ืฒึทื–ื˜ ืขืจื“ืจื™ืš ืึท ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืžื™ืกืขื’ืขื ืึทืฆื™ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจึพื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉ. ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ ื•ื•ื™ ืขืงื–ืึธื˜ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืจืžืึทื ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืึทื’ืึทื–ืฉ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืขื˜ื ื™ืง ื™ื ืกืคึผื™ืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืง ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ.

ื“ืขืจ ืืžืช ืื™ื– ืึทื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉื™ืคึผืคึผืขื•ื•ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืกื˜ืจืึธื ื’ื”ืึธืœื“ืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืึทื“ืข, ื’ื™ื™ื ื– ื ื™ื™ึท ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ื“ืึทื ืง ืฆื• ืึท ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืขืจื“ืจื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ืคื™ื™ื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืžื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ื™ืฆืœ ื˜ืจืึธืฅ ืึทืœืฅ. ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืึทื– ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฅ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข, (ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืงืึทื ื’ืงืขืจื“ ื“ืจื•ื ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ื•ื•ื• ื“ื™ ืึทื•ื˜ืึธื˜ืฉื˜ื”ืึธื ืขืก ื“ื•ื™ืกื˜ - ืขืœื•ื•ื™ืจื ืจืืงื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืืกืืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืœืขื-), ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืื ื˜ื•ื•ืืจื˜ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืจื ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ (ื“ื™ ืคืืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืื‘ืืจื™ื’ื™ื ืืœืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ).

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ืกืงื•ืกื™ืขืก ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืœื•ืื™ื– ืขืจื“ืจื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื™ื– ืงืœืึธืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื›ึผื‘ึฟื•ื“ ื“ืขื ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคึฟืึธืœืง ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืึท ืกืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’. ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื™ื ื˜ืึทื’ืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื›ื™ื ื“ืจืึทื ืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื. ื ืึธืš, ื“ื™ ืขืกืึทื ืก ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืก, ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธืœืขืจืึทื˜ื™ืง ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ืึธืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื“ื™ ืืžืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืขื’ ...

Top 3 ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืจืึธืžืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ Louise Erdrich

ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ึพืฐืขื›ื˜ืขืจ

ื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ื™ืงืกื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’? ืื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื™ื–, ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขืก ืืœืขืžืืœ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ืืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืขืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืืคืฉืืฆืŸ. ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข - ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื˜ืฉื™ืคึผืคึผืขื•ื•ืึท ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืกื™ืงืจื™ืฅ ืฆื• ืึท ื’ืจืึทื ื“ืึธื˜ืขืจ ...

1953, ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืงืื˜ืข. ื˜ืืžืขืก ื•ื•ืื–ืฉืืฉืง ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทื‘ืจื™ืง ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืขืคึฟื ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืจื˜ืœืข Mountain ื™ื ื“ื™ืึทืŸ ืจืขืกืขืจื•ื•ืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื•ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฉื™ืคึผืคึผืขื•ื•ืึท ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ, ื‘ืึทืคืึทืœื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืื ื’ืจืขืก. ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืจื•ืคึฟื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืืก "ืืŸ ืขืžืื ืฆื™ืคืืฆื™ืข", ืื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื– ื–ื™ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืจืขื ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืื ื“, ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื˜ืขื˜. ื˜ืืžืขืก, ืึทื•ื˜ืจื™ื™ื“ื–ืฉื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื ื™ื™ึท ื‘ื™ื˜ืจื™ื™ืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ื‘ ืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฆื• ืคึผื ื™ื ืึทืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื•ื•ืึทืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืง, ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืขืจ ืงืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงืขืžืคืŸ ืขืก.

ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืึทื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืขื ืœืขืš ืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืจืœื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื”ืœ, ืคึผื™ืงืกื™ืข ืคึผืึทืจืึทื ื˜ืขืึทื• ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’. ืข ืจ ื”ื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ ืŸ ื’ืขื ื• ื’ ืžื™ ื˜ ื–ืฒ ืŸ ืคืื‘ืจื™ืงึพืืจื‘ืขื˜ , ืคืืจื“ื™ื  ื˜ ืคื•ื ืง ื˜ ื’ืขื ื• ื’ ืฆ ื• ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืฆ ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืŸ ืžืืžืข ืŸ ืื• ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ , ื ื™ืฉ ื˜ ืฆ ื• ื“ืขืจืžืื ืข ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ , ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืจ ื‘ืืฐืฒื– ื˜ ื–ื™ ืš ื ื ืจ ืฐืข ืŸ ืข ืจ ื“ืืจ ืฃ ื’ืขืœื˜ , ืฆ ื• ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ . ืคึผืœื•ืก, ืคึผื™ืงืกื™ืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืึธืจืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขื ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ื ื ืขืกืึธื˜ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืœืึทื ื’-ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืจืึท.

ื‘ืึทื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข, Louise Erdrich ื’ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืฉืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ, ืึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ืขืจื’ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื™ืžืคึผืึทืœืกื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืงืึทืœื™ื™ื“, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื™ืœื•ืžืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ.

ื“ืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ึพืฐืขื›ื˜ืขืจ

ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™ึทืœืขื›ื™ืง ื”ื•ื™ื–

ื“ื™ ืขืจื’ืกื˜ ืจื™ื™ืกื™ื–ืึทื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึผื•ืœื– ื’ื•ื•ืึทืœื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ, ืžื•ืจื ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื•ื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืกื•ืคึผื™ื ืข ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ื™ืžืขืจื“ื–ืฉื“, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ื‘ืขืกื˜ื™ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื™ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืžืึทื ื™ืง ื”ืึทืก. ืื•ืŸ ื™ืึธ, ืžืืœ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืึทื ืกืึทืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื“ ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืกื•ืฃ ืึทืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ื˜ ืฆื• ื™ื’ื–ืึธืจืกื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจื– ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกืกื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ืขืคึผืขืก.

ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 1988, ืึทืŸ ืึธื“ื–ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื•ืข ื™ื ื“ื™ืึทืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืึทื˜ืึทืงืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ื• ื–ื™ ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืงืื˜ืข. ื“ื™ ื“ืขื˜ืึทื™ืœืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืึทืœ ืฉืขื ื“ื•ื ื’ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคึผืึทืžืขืœืขืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ Geraldine Coutts ืื™ื– ื˜ืจืึทื•ื•ืžืึทื˜ื™ื™ื–ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืฆื• ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืขื˜ืจืืคืŸ, ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืœื™ืฆื™ื™ึท ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื–ื™ืœ, ืื™ืจ ืžืึทืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืึธื•, ืื™ืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ืฆืŸ-ื™ืึธืจ-ืึทืœื˜ ื–ื•ืŸ.

ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื ื’ืœ 'ืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ืึท ื™ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืงืขืจ. ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ ื‘ืึทืจืึทืงืึทื“ื– ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื– ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืชื”ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœื ื˜. ื™ื ืงืจื™ืกื™ื ื’ืœื™ ืขืœื ื˜, ื“ื–ืฉืึธื• ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืจื™ ืืจืœื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜.

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืึทืœ ืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื“ื–ืฉืึธื• ืื™ื– ืคืจืึทืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืึทืžื˜ืขืจ ื•ื™ืกืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ึท ืคืจืขื ื“ื– ืึทื ื’ื•ืก, ืงืึทืคึผืคึผื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึทืง, ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคึฟืขืจืก ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™ึทืœืขื›ื™ืง ื”ื•ื™ื–, ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘.

ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™ึทืœืขื›ื™ืง ื”ื•ื™ื–

ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข

ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืึทื ืคึผืจื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืฆื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืœ. ื“ื™ ืึทืงืกืึทื“ืขื ื˜ืึทืœ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืงืึทื•ืกืึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื™ื•ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ ืื™ื’ื ืึธืจื™ืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื’ื•ื•ืึทืœื“ื™ืง ื˜ืจืึทื’ืขื“ื™ืข, ื•ื•ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขืก ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ื™ื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื ื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ...

ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืงืื˜ืข, ื–ื•ืžืขืจ 1999. ืœืึทื ื“ืจืขืึทื•ืงืก ื™ืจืึธืŸ ืฉื•ืฅ ืึท ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืขืจ ื“ื™ืกืงืึทื•ื•ืขืจื– ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืฉืึธืก ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื ื™ื 'ื–ื•ืŸ: ื“ืึทืกื˜ื™ ืจืึทื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืคื™ื ืฃ ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ., LaRose . ื“ ื™ ืฆืฐ ืฒ ืžืฉืคื—ื• ืช ื–ืฒื ืข ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ ืง ื’ืขืฐืข ืŸ ื–ืฒืข ืจ ื ืืขื ื˜ , ืื• ืŸ ื“ ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืข ืจ ื–ืฒื ืข ืŸ ืคืจืืงื˜ื™ ืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฐืืงืก ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืข ืŸ . ืœืึทื ื“ืจืขืึทื•ืงืก, ื›ืึธืจืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืขื˜ืจืืคืŸ, ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืขืฆื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื–ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ืจืึทื˜ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ื“ื™ืึทืŸ ืึธื•ื•ืขืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคืึทืจืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜.

ืฆื•ืžืืจื’ื  ืก ืฐืขืœ ืŸ ื– ืฒ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืข ืŸ ืžื™ ื˜ ื–ืฒ ืŸ ืคืจื• ื™ ืขืžืืœื™ื ืข , ื“ืข ื ืงืœืฒื ืข ื ืฒื ื’ืœ , ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ ืŸ ื“ืข ื ืงืœืฒื ืข ื ืฒื ื’ืœ , ืฆ ื• ื“ื•ืกื˜ื™ ืก ื”ืืจืฆื™ืง ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ : ืดืื™ืฆื˜ ืŸ ืฐืข ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืข ืจ ื–ื• ืŸ ื–ืฒ ืŸ ืื™ ืจ ื–ื•ืŸ . ืœืึทืจืึธืกืข ืื™ื– ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจื ืขืจืกื˜ืึธื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืึทืœืึทื•ื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืกืœืึธื•ืœื™ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ื™ื™ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืขืžื“ื™ืง ืืจื™ื™ื ืžื™ืฉื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขื ื“ื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉื“ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืึทืš ื•ื•ืึธื’ ืจื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ...

ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืœื•ืื™ื– ืขืจื“ืจื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืฒื ืงืฒื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืงืึธื ืกืขืงื•ื•ืขื ืฆืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึทื’ืขื“ื™ืข. ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื˜ื™ืฃ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื•ืœื”, ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ืึท ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืฆื•ื’ืึทื ื’ ืฆื• ื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกืึทืœ ื˜ืขืžืขืก ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื ืกื™ื™ืฉืึทื‘ืึทืœ ื ื•ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ.

ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข
ืงื•ืจืก ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ

ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’

ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืงื™ืกืžืขื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื. ืœืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜.