ื“ื™ 3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจื™ื ืึท ืกืึทื™ื ื–

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืึทืคื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื•ื™ื ื’ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจื™ื ืึท ืกืึทื™ื ื– ื‘ืึธืจื’ืึธ ืžื™ืจ ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ืึท ืžืึธื“ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืกืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ืึธื’ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ืงื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืึทื ื˜ ืœืึทื˜ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ XNUMX ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ื ื•ืึทื ืกื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธืจื’ืขืก ืฆื• Garcia Marquez ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื•.

ื“ื™ ืึธื•ื•ื•ืขืจื•ื•ืขืœืžื™ื ื’ ืงืึทืžืคึผืขืจืึทืกืึทื ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ื“ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื˜ืจืึธืฅ ืึทืœืฅ. ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื™ึทืข ื™ื ืกื˜ืึธืœืžืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืจืึทื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืจืึทืกืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทื ื™ืจืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฆื• ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื™ื ื’ ืคืจืขืกืŸ ืขืก ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ื˜-ื’ืึทืจื“ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืกื™ื ืขืจื™ืึธื•ื– ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืจื™ืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ื˜ืจืึธืžืคึผืข ืœ'ืึธืขื™ืœ. ื•ื•ืึธืก ืจื•ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืกืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’.

ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื™ื•ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ ื™ื ื›ืึทื‘ืึทืฅ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธืกื™ื˜ื™ืึธื ืก ื˜ืขื ื“ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ืง, ืคึผืขืงืœ ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฃ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื˜ื•ื ืจืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ื˜ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึทื‘ื™ื•ืฉืึทื ื–. Karina Sainz ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ. ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืข ืึทืœืฅ ื”ืื˜ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื‘ืขืจืจืึทืฉืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉื™ืคึผื•ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืจื™ืคืจืขืฉื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืขืจื“ื–ืฉื™ื™ื–ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืึทื’ื ืขื˜ื™ืง ืจืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื–ืขื ื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’. ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืฆื• ืึท ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉ ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืจืึทืžื‘ืึทืœื– ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•, ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื’ืขืžืขืœ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืึทื ื’ืœืขืก ื•ื•ื• ืคึผืจืึทืคึผืึธืจืฉืึทื ื– ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ. ื ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ...

Top 3 ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ Karina Sainz

ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ

ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก Karina Sainz ืกื˜ืึธืจืžื“ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืื ืืœืข ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžืึทืจืง. ื ื“ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจืึธื‘ ืจืขืึทืœื™ื–ื, ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืึทืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืœืึธืกื™ื•ื•ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ึทื›ื•ืช ืึธืŸ ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืœืขืจื™ืข, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ึทืขืจ ืขืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืขื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืžืึธื•ืฉืึทื ื– ืึทื ืœื™ืฉื˜.

Adelaida Falcรณn, ืึท ืœืขืจืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ Caracas, ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ ืงืจืึทื ืงื™ื™ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืœื˜ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืึทื“ืขืœืึทื™ื“ืึท ื”ืื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื•ึผ ื’ื•ื•ืึทืœื“ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš ืจื™ื˜ื ืคื•ืŸ ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ. ื‘ืืœื“ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ื•ืจืข, ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื•ื•ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื“ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืฉืึทืœ. ื–ื™ ืงืœืึทืคึผื˜ ืึธืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ืจ ื—ื‘ืจโ€™ืก ื˜ื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ: ืึทื•ืจืึธืจืึท ืคึผืขืจืึทืœื˜ืึท, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ืจื•ืคืŸ โ€œื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™โ€, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืฆื™ืžืขืจ, ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื™ื ืคืึธืจืžื– ืื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ ืคึผืึทืก: ืึท ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื.

ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืจืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืจื•ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื™ืกืงื™ื™ืคึผืก ืึทืœืข ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืึทื˜ื™ื™ืคึผืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืขืงืกื˜ืจืขื ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข. ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ื“ื™ ื–ืฉื•ืจื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืงืึทืจื™ื ืึท ืกืึทื™ื ื– ื‘ืึธืจื’ืึธ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื ื™ื™ึทืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจ.

ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ

ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื“

ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ื˜ืขื ืฉืึทืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื˜ืฉืึธื˜ืึธืžืึทืก ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืึทืœืฅ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืคึฟื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทืึทื ื’ืœ, ื›ืึทืคึผืึทื ื– ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืึทื‘ื˜ื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืึทื ื’ื’ื™ืึทืœืขืจ ืจืขืคึผืจืึทื–ืึทื ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ... ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืจื™ืคืขืจื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ืœื™ื‘ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขื ื™ื ื™ื. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื›ืึทืคึผืึทื ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ืจื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื“, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืึทืจื™ื ืึท ืกืึทื™ื ื–, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืขืงื–ื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื•ืœื“, ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื•ืคื’ืขืงืึธื›ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ ืฆื• ื‘ืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืึทื ื“ ืึธืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ.

ืึทืœืฅ ื›ืึทืคึผืึทื ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกืขืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฅ ื“ื™ ืžื–ืจื— ื‘ืึทืจื’ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื‘. ืึทื ื’ื•ืกื˜ื™ืึทืก ืจืึธืžืขืจืึธ ืคืœื™ื™ืฅ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง. ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื ื’, ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืึทืœื˜, ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืš ื‘ืึธืงืกืขืก, ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจ ืงืขืค ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ El Tercer Paรญs, ื“ื™ ื•ืžืœืขื’ืึทืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืก - ื•ื™ืœืขื ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืงืึทืœ Visitaciรณn Salazar.

ืึทื ื’ื•ืกื˜ื™ืึทืก, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืืจืœืื–ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ืจ ืžืึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงืขืžืคืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื‘ืจ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืคื™ื™ึทื ื“ืœืขืš ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข ื•ื•ื•ึผ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืงื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืึทืจืžื“, ื•ื•ื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคื™ืฉ, ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืขื– ืื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืึทืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื•ืึทืœื“ ื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื‘ืœืขืจื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื•ื ื“ืจื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜.

ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ XNUMX ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผืขืจื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืก ืžื™ื˜ Borges ืื•ืŸ Coetzee. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื“, ืงืึทืจื™ื ืึท ืกืึทื™ื ื– ื‘ืึธืจื’ืึธ ืงืึทื ืคืขืจืžื– ืื™ืจ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืœืึธื ื’ื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ืึท ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืœืึทื˜ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืงืึทื ื’ืงืขืจื™ื ื’ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ืœืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ึทืจืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉ ื˜ืจืึทื’ืขื“ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืกื˜ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื.

ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื“

ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“"ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจื˜

ืขืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืœ, ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 'ืก ื™ื˜ืึทืงืึท ื•ื•ื• ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืืจื•ื•ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ. ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื™ื’ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืขื›ื˜, ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทืœื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืกื˜ืึทืจื™ ื ืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื ื’ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื•ื•ื•ืขืจื•ื•ืขืœืžื™ื ื’ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืงื™ื™ึทื˜. ื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ ืฆื• ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงื™ื ื“ืฉืึทืคื˜, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทื˜ืึทื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื•ื ื’.

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืขืจ ืคึฟืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืคึฟืึทืจืžื™ืฉื˜ ืงืึทืจื™ื ืึท ืกืึทื™ื ื– ื‘ืึธืจื’ืึธ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึฟืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืึธืก, ื›ึผื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข, ืึท ื ืฒึทืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืœ ื•ื•ื•ึผ ื“"ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืื•ื™ื ื˜, ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘ ืึทื“ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืฉืขืจืึทืก.

ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืกืึทื’ื“ื–ืฉืขืกื˜ื™ื“ ืื™ืœื•ืกื˜ืจืืฆื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ Natร lia Pร mies, ืงืึทื ืขืงืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžืึธืœ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื“ื™ืกืกื™ื™, ื“ื•ืจืš ื”ืึธืžืขืจ, ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ืžืึธืจืขืึทื• (ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทื ืขืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ). HG Wells; ื˜ืจืขื–ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืœ, ื“ื•ืจืš ืกื˜ื™ื•ื•ืึทื ืกืึทืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืกืขืœืึทื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืึทืง ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืžื™ืœื™ืึธ ืกืึทืœื’ืึทืจื™.

ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื–ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“"ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจื˜

ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจื™ื ืึท ืกืึทื™ื ื– ื‘ืึธืจื’ืึธ

ื‘ืึทืจื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืจืึทื˜ืข ื˜ืฉืจืึธื ื™ืงืœืขืก

ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื’ืขืœืข ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ึทืกืข. ื“ืขืจืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื‘ืฒึท ืึท ื‘ื•ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื›ืคึผืจ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึฟื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืขืงื–ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸึพืคึผื•ื‘ืœื™ืง. ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื™ื•ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™, ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืœ, ืึท ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืฆื•ื’ืึทื ื’. ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื“ื™ ืฉืขืจื“ ืชื”ื•ื ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ืžืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš-ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’.

ยซื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืœืึทื ื“ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ื™ืึธืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ืึทื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืœื™ื™ึทื‘ื  ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข. ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืจืึทื˜ืข ื˜ืฉืจืึธื ื™ืงืœืขืก ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืกืงืขื˜ืฉืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืึทื‘ืึทืœื™ืฉืึทืŸ: ื“ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ืœื™ื ืงืก ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆื• ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืกืคึผืึทื™ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืžืึทืงืึธืคึผืึธืขื™ืึท ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉ ืจืขืฆืขืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื•ืคึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืขื ื˜ืฉืึทื ื˜ืžืึทื ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืกืขื ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ื ืงื™ื™ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืึธื’ื– ืฆื• ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜. โ€

ื‘ืึทืจื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืจืึทื˜ืข ื˜ืฉืจืึธื ื™ืงืœืขืก
ืงื•ืจืก ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ

2 ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ "ื“ื™ 3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจื™ื ืึท ืกืึทื™ื ื–"

ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’

ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืงื™ืกืžืขื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื. ืœืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜.