ื“ื™ 3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ Jared Diamond

ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ืžื™ื™ึทืœืข ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืึทื– ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื˜ื™ื ื’ืงืขืจื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ืกื™ื™ืึทื ื˜ื™ืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื“, ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืึทืคึผืจืึธื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ื’ ืกื™ื ืขืจื™ืึธื•ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื˜ื›ื™ืœืขืก ื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทื‘ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜. ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื•ื™ ืขื“ื•ืึทืจื“ ืคึผื•ื ืกืขื˜ u ืึธืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืกืึทืงืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื™ื ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง, ืึทื– ื ืึธืขื ื˜, ืžืขื˜ืึทืคืึธืจื™ืงืึทืœ, ืึทื ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’.

Jared Diamond es ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืงืึทืžื™ื•ื ืึทืงื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืจื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ืคื™ืœืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื”ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืงืึทืœ ืงืึทื ืกืขืจื ื– ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืกืึทืคื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“. ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทื’ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ.

ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืจืึทืคึผืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืฉืึทืŸ. ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ืžื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื•ื•ืึธื•ืœื•ืฉืึทื ืขืจื™ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื–ืึทืœื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึธื•ืกื™ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ, ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืึทื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจื“ื™ืง ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉื™ื™ืคึผื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•.

ื•ื•ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึทื“ืึทืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข ืึท ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื•ืกื˜ ืึธืจื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื, ืึทืœืฅ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงื”ืœ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื˜ ืึทื– ื’ืœืื‘ืืœืข ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืึท ื˜ืึธืœ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข. ื”ื•ืžืึทื ืึธื™ื“ืก ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืึทืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขืจื“ .

ืขืก ืงืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ืคึผืจื™ื˜ืขื ืฉืึทืก, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื–ืฉืึทืจืขื“ ื“ื™ืึทืžืึธื ื“ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืขื ื“ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืขืคืขื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ืขื˜ืึทืœ (ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืจืึทื“ืึธืงืก). ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš, ืึทื–ืึท ืึท ืžืงื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืœื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื•ืžืจื•ื™ืง. ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืึธืจื˜.

Top 3 ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ Jared Diamond

ื’ืึทื ื–, ื“ื–ืฉืขืจืžื– ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœ

ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ "ืžืขืจื‘" (ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืขืฉื•ื’ืข ืขื˜ื ืึธืกืขื ื˜ืจื™ืง ื”ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืึท ื“ื–ืฉื™ืึทื’ืจืึทืคื™ืงืึทืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื˜ ืฆื• ืึทืœืฅ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทื“ืึทืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜), ืื™ื– ืึท ืกื›ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืงืขืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืก ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื•ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขืกื•ืžืขื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜.

ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืึทื˜ืขืจื ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืืคึฟืฉืจ ื“ืขืจืคึฟืึทืจ, ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืึธืงื•ืก ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืฉื™ื– ืคื™ืœืข ืกืขื ื˜ืฉืขืจื™ื– ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื“ื–ืฉืึทืจืขื“ ื“ื™ืึทืžืึธื ื“ ื ืขืžื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืคืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ืืคื™ืœื• ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ ื•ื˜ืึธืคึผื™ืึทืŸ ื—ืœื•ื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืกื˜ืึธืคึผื™ืึทืŸ, ื“ื™ืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืจ ืงื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ืขืก. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืกื˜ืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืคึผืึธื•ื–ืึทื“ืœื™ ื‘ืึทืงื•ื•ืขื ืึธืคึผื“ืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ืœื™ื™ืคืกื˜ื™ื™ืœ.

ืืคึฟืฉืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื’ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ Homo sapiens sapiens ื•ื•ืึธืก ืœืขืกืึธืฃ ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื•ื“ ืฆื• ื’ืึธืจ ืึทืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ืงืขืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืก.

ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ืกืงืึทื•ื•ืขืจื“ ื•ื•ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกืึทืกื™ื™ืึทื˜ื™ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ื™ื“ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง ืขืงืกืคึผืœื•ื™ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืจื˜ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื•ื•ืกื˜ืึทืง ืจืขืกื•ืจืกืŸ, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืึทื˜ืึทื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืจื™ืขืจื– ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืขื’.

ืื™ื– ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ืื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื™ื™ืกืึทื ื˜ ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืกื•ืจืกืŸ? ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืึธื’ ื•ื•ืึธื’ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืึทื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืึทืŸ.

ื’ืึทื ื–, ื“ื–ืฉืขืจืžื– ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœ

ื™ื™ึทื ื‘ืจืึธืš. ืคืืจื•ื•ืืก ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกืึทืกื™ื™ืึทื˜ื™ื– ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืึทืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืŸ

ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ึทืึทื ืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื ืงืึทืก ื’ืขืœืื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืขืžื‘ืœืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจืึทืงืฉืึทื ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงืึทื•ื•ืขืจื“.

ืคืขืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืกื•ืจืกืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื’ืฉืึทืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืขื ื“ืขืžื™ืง ื‘ื™ื™ื–? ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกื™ื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื’ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข. ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฅ ืคึผืœืึธื’ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ ืคืœื• ืึทื˜ืึทืงื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืื™ื™ืจืืคืขื™ืฉืข ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืึทืงื˜.

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื–ืึทื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึธื•ื•ื•ืขืจื•ื•ืขืœืžื“ ื“ืึทื ืง ืฆื• ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ื•ื•ืึทืงืกืึทื ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ื™ื“ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื˜ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข, ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ื“ื™ืคืขื ืกื™ื•ื• ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ืžืึทื˜ื™ืง, ืขืงืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ ื˜ืฉืึทืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคืึทืกื™ืœืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื ื“ืขืžื™ืง.

ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื’ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ื“ืจื™ืคืฅ. ื“ื–ืฉืึทืจืขื“ ื“ื™ืึทืžืึธื ื“ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืขืงื˜ื•ืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ ื’ื•ืจืœ.

ื™ื™ึทื ื‘ืจืึธืš, ื“ื–ืฉืึทืจืขื“ ื“ื™ืึทืžืึธื ื“

ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ

ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ. ื“ื™ ืขืกืึทื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ืงืขืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ื™ื–ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื–, ื™ืžืึธื•ืฉืึทื ื–, ื“ื•ืจืš ืจืึทืฉืึทื ืึทืœื™ื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืขื ืกื™ื–. ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืคืขืจืึทื ืกื™ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกืขืจืึทื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–, ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึท ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืš ืกื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืข ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžืขืจ ืกืึทื‘ื“ื–ืฉืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื•ื•ื™ ืืœืฅ.

ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึธืงืึทืœ, ื“ื–ืฉืึทืจืขื“ ื“ื™ืึทืžืึธื ื“ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข. ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื™ึทืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจืžื“ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืงืกืขืกืขืจื™ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืคื•ื ื“ืึทืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœ.

ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ 'ืก ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืกื™ื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ืึธืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืœืึธื•ื‘ืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืกื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืจื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืกืึธื•ืกื™ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ.

ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ืฆื•ื’ืึทื ื’ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื”ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืงืึทืœ ืกืคึผืœืึทืฉื™ื ื’ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ืึทืกืคึผืขืงืฅ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’, ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ืกืคึผื™ื™ืกืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืจื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ืกื•ืฃ ืจื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืขืจื“ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืŸ ื›ืขืจื™ื™ื–ืึทื ื– ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึธืงื•ืก ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืœืึทื ืกื˜ ืงืึธื•ื™ื’ื–ื™ืกื˜ืึทื ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืกื˜ืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœ ื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ืึทืกืคึผืขืงื˜.

ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ
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ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’

ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืงื™ืกืžืขื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื. ืœืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜.