ืขื“ื™ื˜ื” ื•ื•ื”ืึทืจื˜ืึธืŸ ืก ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ 3 ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ

1862 - 1937 ... ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกืงืึธืจืกืขืกืข ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืœื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืขื“ื™ื˜ื” ื•ื•ื”ืึทืจื˜ืึธืŸ "ื“ืขืจ ืชึผืงื•ืคึฟื” ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช" ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืฒึทืœ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทืจืึทื“ืึธืงืกืึทืœืŸ ื ืึธื›ืžืึทืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืกืขื˜ื˜ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืœืข ืงืึทื ื•ื•ืขื ืฉืึทื ื–.

ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึท ืฉืคึผืึทื ื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืึธืžืึทื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื‘ื›ืึธืจืึทื ื˜ ืขืงืกืคึผืœืึธื“ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืœื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ื•ืจืœ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืจื™ื“ื–ืฉื•ื•ื•ืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ืกื™ื–ืฉืึทื ื– ืงืึธื ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ.

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ ืึทื ืขืงื“ืึธื˜ืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืงืึธืจืกืขืกืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ื”ืงื“ืžื”, ื“ื™ ืขื“ื™ื˜ื” ื•ื•ื”ืึทืจื˜ืึธืŸ ืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืฉื™ื™ึทื ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจืึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื• ื™ืืจืง ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืกืžืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืก ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจืึทื“ื–ืฉื•ืึทืœืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจึพืžื™ืกืฆืขื’ื ืึทืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคึฟื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ ืขืก ื”ืฒึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึทืŸ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ึพื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ืข ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ.

ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื ื™ื•ึพื™ืึธืจืง ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคึฟื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ึพืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ. ื ื ื™ื• ื™ืืจืง ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ึทืขืจืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื—ื‘ืจ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื– ืงืึทืคึผื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืกื™ื ืขืจื™ืึธื•ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื• ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื˜ืึทื’ืึทื ืึทืกืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื’ ืขื“ื–ืฉืึทื–, ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืึทื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืžื™ื ื™ื–ืึทื ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ื• ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืŸ.

ืื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ื–ืึทืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืœืึธื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืึธื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจืข ื”ื•ืžืึธืจ, ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื–, ืึทื– ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืชึผื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžืกื˜ืข ืกืคืขืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื’ื™ื™ื“ืœื™ื™ื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืืคื˜.

ืขื“ื™ื˜ื” ื•ื•ื”ืึทืจื˜ืึธืŸ ืก ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ 3 ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืจืึธืžืึทื ื–

ื“ื™ ืึทื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜

ืึทืŸ ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืื™ื’ืกื˜ืขืจ ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉืข ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกืคืขืจืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื ืฒึทืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืขื ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืžืคืื–ื™ืขืก.

ืงืึธื•ื ื˜ืขืกืก ืึธืœืขื ืกืงืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื™ื ื’ืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ ืฆื• ืคืจื™ื™ืขืจ ืกืคึผื™ื™ืกืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื•ืกื˜ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ื™ืึทื ื™ืจื–. ืึธืœืขื ืกืงืึท ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ืึทื ืกืึทืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ื‘ืื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ ืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉ ืกื˜ืึทื ื“ืึทืจื“ืก ืกืคึผืขืึทืจื›ืขื“ืึทื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื™ื•ืœืึทื ื“ ืึทืจื˜ืฉืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืึทืจื˜ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ ืžื™ื™ึท ื•ื•ืขืœืœืึทื ื“. ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืึธืœืขื ืกืงืึท ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจื™ืจื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืื–ื˜ ื“ื™ ืชืื•ื”, ื•ื•ื™ ืขืก ืคืืกื™ืจื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืขืก ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ืืกื•ืจ.

ืึทืจื˜ืฉืขืจ ืก ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื˜ืฉืึทืœ ืคึผื™ื™ึทืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืฆื• ืึทื– ื‘ืจืขื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืฅ, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื”ืืœื˜ ืฆื• ืงืึทื ืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืจืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืžื™ื™ึท ื•ื•ืขืœืœืึทื ื“, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžืึทืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ืœืขืžืึทื–, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืืœื ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื“ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืื›ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืฒึทืขื XNUMXืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืฒึทื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ ื”ืึธืจื™ื–ืึธื ื˜, ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืึทืœืฅ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื‘ืึทืœื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ, ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืœื™ื™ึทื“ื ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืคืึทื˜ืึทืœืŸ ื“ืจืฒึทืึทื ื’ ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ.

ื“ื™ ืึทื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜

ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ื ื“ืœ

ื ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืจ ืจืืžืืŸ , ืื ื’ืขืœืื“ ืŸ ืžื™ ื˜ ื“ืข ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขื ืกื™ืฆื™ ืข ืคื• ืŸ ื“ืข ืจ ืงื•ืจืฆืข . ื“ื™ ื ื™ื• ื™ืืจืง ืคื•ืŸ 1850 ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฆื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜.

ื“ื™ ืจืึทืœืกื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืœืงืข ืื™ื™ืจืืคืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืึทื ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคึผืจื™ืคึผืขืจื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ืคึผืขืจืคึผืขื˜ืฉืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื•ืจื” ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœืก ื“ื™ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื™ืึทื ื’ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืงืœืึทืกื™ื–ืึทื ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ื˜ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืกืึทืคึผืœื™ื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืึทื“ื›ื™ืจืึทื ืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืื ืขืœืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจืก, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜ ืงืึทืœืข, ืฉืึทืจืœืึทื˜ ืœืึธื•ื•ืขืœ, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื•ื™ืกื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ื™ื ืงืึทืžืคึผืึทื˜ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื ืง ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื–ืึทืกื˜ืจืึทืก.

ื“ื™ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžืื›ื˜ ืฉืึทืจืœืึทื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ืžื•ื“ื” ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืงื•ื–ื™ื ืข ื“ืขืœื™ื”, ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืจืขืคึฟืขืจืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื• ื™ืืจืง ืงืœืึทืกื™ื–ืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืจื“ ืกื•ื“ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ืœืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืขืจืึธื•ื“ื™ื ื’ ืึทืœืฅ. ื›ึตึผื™ื•ึธืŸ ืœึฐื›ึธื‘ื•ึนื“ ืœึฐื‘ึธืกึดื™ื ืžึดืชึฐื—ึทื‘ึฐึผืจึธื ืœึฐื’ึทื‘ึตึผื™ื”ึผ ื“ึดึผื™ืœึตื™ื”ึผ. ืื•ึผืŸ ื“ึถืขืจ ื‘ึผื•ึนืจึถื“ึถืข ืžึฐื“ึดื™ื ึธื” ื’ึถืขื•ึถื•ึฐื˜ ืึทื–ื•ึนื™ ื•ึดื•ื™ ื ืคึทื ึฐืฆึฐืขึถืขืจ ืžึดืฉึผืื•ึผื ืžึดื™ื˜ ื“ึถืขืจ ื•ึธื•ืืก. ืื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื–ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ, ื“ื™ ื™ืžืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื™ื‘ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืคืึทื•ื•ืึธืจืก ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ ืื•ื™ื’.

ืึฒื‘ึธืœ ืึดืชึฐื›ึทึผืœึฐึผืคึธื ืึดืชึฐืงึฐืจึดื™ื‘ึดื™ืŸ ืขึธืœึทื™ึฐื™ื”ื•ึผ, ื›ึทึผืžึธึผื” ื‘ึฐึผื’ึธื“ึฐืชึธื ื‘ึฐึผืฉึทืืจึฐืจื•ึนื˜ึธื” ืฉึถืื“ึดึผื™ืœึตื™ื”ึผ ืชึดึผืชึฐื ึทื— ื›ึฐึผืœึตื™ื”ึผ. ื’ืึธืจื ื™ืฉื˜ ืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื™ื–ืึทื ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืฆืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื‘ืœืึทื“ื™ืึทืกื˜ ืกื•ืฃ.

ื“ื™ ืกืคึผื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืขื“ื™ื˜ื” ื•ื•ื”ืึทืจื˜ืึธืŸ

ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื ื ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ

ืžื™ืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึทืžืึธืœ ื“ื™ ืขืœื™ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื• ื™ืืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 19 ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ืžืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทื ื”ืึทื˜ื˜ืึทืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ืึทืŸ ืขืœื™ื–ืึท ืื•ืŸ ืขื•ื•ืขืœื™ื ืึท, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืึทืจื˜ืึทืœ ื”ืึทื‘ืขืจื“ืึทืฉื™ ืงืจืึธื.

ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจืกื˜ืึธื’, ืึทืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืขื•ื•ืขืœื™ื ืึท ืึท ื•ื•ืึทืš ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืขืก ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจืึธื. ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื˜ืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ืึท ืฉืคึผืึทื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฉืคืจื™ื ื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฆื• ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ืึทืœื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธืžื™ื“-ื˜ืฉืึทื ื’ื™ื ื’ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขืจ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ 1892 ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื™ื’ืึธ ืฆื• ื“ืขื twentieth ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืื“ืขืจื ื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื—ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ.

ืื™ ืŸ ื“ืข ืจ ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืข ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืœืขื›ืข ืจ ื”ื ื˜ ืฐืขืง ืŸ ืื™ ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ ื– ืื•ื™ ืš ืกืคืงื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื™ื’ืžืขืก , ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืข ืŸ ืžื™ ื˜ ื ืจืฒื›ืข ืจ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืŸ ืคื• ืŸ ื“ืข ืจ ืฆืฒื˜ , ืื• ืŸ ืคื• ืŸ ื“ืข ืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืืข ืจ ืžืื ื”ืขื˜ ืŸ ืื ื’ืขืœืื“ ืŸ ืžื™ ื˜ ืžื™ืœื™ืื ืข ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจึพื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืŸ ืื™ ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื ื’ืจื•ื™ื ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื› ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืขืจ ืŸ ืฉื˜ืฒ ืŸ ืื•ื™ืค ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื’ืข ื ืคื• ืŸ ืื˜ืœืื ื˜ื™ืง .

ืึท ื ืฒึทื’ืขืจื™ืง ืžืึทื’ื ืขื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื, ืคึฟื•ื ืขื ืคึผืจื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืœืฒึทืš, ื‘ืึทืœืึทื ืกื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืœืฒึทื›ืฆืฒึทื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒึทื˜. ื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขืฉื”, ื•ื•ืืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉืžืขืง-ืงืขืกื˜ืœ ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ืื ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™ื ืฆื ื˜ืŸ ื™ืืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ืขื ื“ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืื ื“ืืจืืก ืงืขืกื˜ืœ ืคืืจ ื ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ืื˜.

ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื ื ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ
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ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’

ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืงื™ืกืžืขื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื. ืœืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜.