Top 3 ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืึทื ืœื™ ืจืึธื‘ื™ื ืกืึธืŸ ืกืคืจ

ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง (ื™ืึธ, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช) ืื™ื– ืึท ื–ืฉืึทื ืจืึท ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ืžืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืข ืกื•ื‘ื’ืขื ืจืข ืึธืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืึทืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœื•ื ื’. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜, ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืึทื ืœื™ ืจืึธื‘ื™ื ืกืึธืŸ, valdrรญa para echar por tierra todas esas vagas impresiones sobre este tipo de literatura como una especie de fanzine para intelectuales trasnochados o chavales tan imaginativos como extravagantes.

ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืกื˜ืึทื ืœื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืึท ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ืืžืขืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืœืขืกืึธืฃ ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ CiFi ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืืœ ืกืฆืขื ืึทืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืฆื• ื“ืึทืžืคึผ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืกืขืจื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืงืœืึทืก, ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืขืงืึธืœืึธื’ื™ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฆื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจืึทืœื™ื–ืึทื. ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื™ืžืขืกื“ื™ืง ื™ืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืžื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื’ืกื˜ ื“ื™ืกื˜ืึธืคึผื™ืึท ืึทื ื˜ื™ืกืึทืคึผื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืกื™ืคื™ ื’ืจืึทืฅ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึผืจื™ืกื™ื“ืึทื“ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื’ ื•ื•ืขืœื–, ื“ื–ืฉืึธืจื“ื–ืฉ ืึธืจื•ื•ืขืœ, ืคื™ืœื™ืคื•ืก ื“ื™ืง, ืึทืœื“ืึทืก ื”ื•ืงืกืœื™ื™, ืจื™ื™ ื‘ืจืึทื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืงืึทื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ื˜ ...

Stanley Robinson ืงืึทืœื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืึทืœืข ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ืฉืึทื ืจืึท, ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ (ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœืคึผื—ื•ืช ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜), ืฆื• ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืกืึทืœื•ืฉืึทื ื–, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืงื•ืงืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืข, ืฆื• ืึท ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืœืขืš ื‘ืึทื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืกื•ืจืกืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืคึผื—ื•ืช ืึทื– ืกื•ืฃ ืžืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทื ืกื˜ื™ื™ื‘ืึทืœ ื™ืงื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื‘ืจื™ืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜.

ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืกื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ืึทืกื˜ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง, ืคืึทืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืฆืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื‘ืขืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง.

Top 3 ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืกืคืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืึทื ืœื™ื™ ืจืึธื‘ื™ื ืกืึธืŸ

2312

ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ ืึทืคึผืึธืงืึทืœื™ืคึผืกืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืฆื• ืจื•ืคืŸ ืขืก. ืกื˜ืึทื ืœื™ ืจืึธื‘ื™ื ืกืึธืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื– ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืก, ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ.

La Tierra es lo que queda de lo que fuimos, no da mรกs de sรญ. Y aunque nuestra especie quizรกs no merezca paraรญso alguno ofrecido por Dios, el instinto de supervivencia y la perseverancia de una fe ciega da fuerzas a los cientรญficos para buscar nuevos lugares mรกs allรก de nuestro sol.

ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ XXIV ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜. ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงืฆื™ืข ืฆื• ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื• ืžื™ืจ ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืึธืจ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืกืึทืคึผื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœื“ื™ืง 2312 ืขืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืึทื– ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขืš ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืคึผื™ืงืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื™ืจืœื“ื™ืง ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก ืงืึทื ืกืคึผื™ื™ืจื– ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืกื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ึทื’ืŸ.

ืจืึธื‘ื™ื ืกืึธืŸ ืก 2312

ื ื™ื• ื™ืืจืง, 2140

ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกืขื ื˜ืฉืขืจื™ื– ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื’ืึธืจ ืื•ืžืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ... ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•ื ืึทื–, ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืœื™ืžืึทื˜ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’, ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืึธื•ื ืขื ืฉืึทืœ ื”ืขื›ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืฉื˜ืึทืคึผืœ, ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื• ื™ืืจืง ืื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื–ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทื ื”ืึทื˜ื˜ืึทืŸ. ืึท ืจื™ื–ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ื–ืึธื ืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ.

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื•ืš, ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืกืึทืงื•ื•ืขื ืกืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืึทื ื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื‘ืขืจืžืึทื›ืŸ ื ื™ื• ื™ืืจืง ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขื ื™ืก ื™ืงืกืคึผืึธื•ื–ื“ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืงืขืึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื™ื ื–ืฉืขื ื™ืขืจื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืฉื˜ืึธื˜.

ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืึธื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’, ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื˜ืึทื’ืึทื ืึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืจื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืจื– ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. ืื™ื– ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืขืžื‘ืœืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ื•ื™ ื ื™ื• ื™ืืจืง?

El estilo de vida neoyorquino se caracteriza por su dinamismo, por su capacidad para marcar tendencia en el resto del mundo y por su naturaleza cosmopolita por excelencia. La ciudad del sueรฑo americano y de los negocios mundiales. El emblema de la capacidad del hombre por colonizar el mundo.

ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ..., ื“ื™ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ืžื™ืฉื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืงืึทืคึผืึทืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜. ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึทื– ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื˜ ืขืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืึทืœืขื ื“ืึทืจ ื™ืึธืจ, ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข ื ืขืžื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ื‘ื™ืกืœ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื˜ืึธื’? ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืึทื– ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืกื˜.

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืงื˜ ืื™ื– ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืคืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืกืึทืคึผื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ื™ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื’ืฉืึทืŸ. ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืขืžื‘ืœืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ื‘ื ื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื• ื™ืืจืง.

ื ืžืึธืกืึทื™ืง ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืึธืจ 2140, ื•ื•ื•ึผ ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฆื•ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืงืึทื˜ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข, ื™ื•ื•ืึธื•ืงื™ื ื’ ืึทื ืกืขืกื˜ืจืึทืœ ืžืขืžืขืจื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื• ืจื™ื•ื•ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืœื™ื™ืžืขืก ื“ื™ืคืขืจืขื ืฉื™ื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืึทืกืขืจ, ืงืึทื ื’ืงืขืจื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ึทืข ื˜ื™ื™ื“ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื•ื ื“ืœืึทืก ืึทืžื‘ื™ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื ื•ืœ ืคึผืขืจืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜.

ื ื™ื• ื™ืืจืง, 2140

ืจื™ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึทืœืฅ ืฆื™ื™ื˜

ืจื™ื™ึทื– ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึทืœืฅ, ืคื•ื“ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืกื“ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืก ืงืึทื ืกื•ืžืขืจื™ื–ืึทื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืึธื•ื‘ืึทืœื™ื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ.

ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืžืึธืœ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ืขื’ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื ืึธืš ื™ื ื›ืึทื‘ืึทื˜ืึทื“ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืžืึทืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ... ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื‘ืึธื ื™ืง ืคึผืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข ืื™ืŸ 1349.

La poblaciรณn sucumbe por millones, hasta diezmar la mitad de almas de todo el continente. Es entonces cuando el autor nos propone una ucronรญa para romper el dominio de lo occidental y entregar el mundo a una nueva partida de poder entre musulmanes y chinos.

ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืง, ืกืืฆื™ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื•ืึธืœื•ืฆื™ืข ื ืขืžื˜ ืึท ืคืึทืกืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื ื™ื™ึท ื“ืจืš ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ึทื“ื ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืกืงืึธื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ึทืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜.

ืจื™ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึทืœืฅ ืฆื™ื™ื˜
5/5 - (7 ื•ื•ืึธื•ืฅ)

4 ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ "ื“ื™ 3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืึทื ืœื™ ืจืึธื‘ื™ื ืกืึธืŸ"

  1. ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืžืึทืจืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ 2312, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืžืึทืจืก.
    2312 ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึผืึทืจืึทืœืขืœ ืึทื“ืึทืคึผื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืฉืึทืŸ ืกืึทื’ืข ืึทืคึผื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธื•ืงื™ืกื™ื– ืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ื ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทื ืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ื  ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื.
    Times of Rice and Salt ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืขืก, ืขืก ื”ืื˜ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ืฉืขื.
    2140 ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื›ื•ืงื™ื ื’ ืžื™ืจ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ืจืขืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ ืึทื•ืจืึธืจืึท ื˜ืจืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ื ื’ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜.
    ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืœื‘ื ื” ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืึท ืฉืจื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืขืงืก ื–ืขืื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืึท ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืคืึธืงื•ืก ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืžืึทืจืก ืึธื“ืขืจ 2312 ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ (ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ) ืฆื• ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ืœื™ื ืขืึทืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ.
    ืœื•ื ืึท ืจืึธื“ื–ืฉืึท ืื•ื™ืš ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœื˜ืขืจ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคึผืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ืขืœืขื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืข.
    ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžืึทืœื˜ื™-ืคืึทืกืึทื˜ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืžื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื•ืงืกื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ื–ืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื’, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืืœื˜ ืฆื• ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ ืฆื™ื™ื˜.

    ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ
    • ืฉืœื™ื™ืžืขืกื“ื™ืง ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื™ืก.
      ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืกืฅ ืื™ื– ื—ืŸ.
      ื•ื•ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ื“ื™ ื˜ืึธื›ื™ืง ืึทืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ CiFi ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึทืคึผืจื™ืฉื™ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“.

      ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ

ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’

ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืงื™ืกืžืขื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื. ืœืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜.