ื“ื™ 3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ Daniel Kahneman

Que la ambiciรณn es el motor de la economรญa no cabe duda. Que el liberalismo econรณmico es entregar el mundo a una cuadrilla de ludรณpatas que juegan con el dinero mientras que el intervencionismo puede acabar encariรฑรกndose con el comunismo mรกs falsario, tambiรฉn. Forma parte de la naturaleza humana, o al menos de la razรณn, el aproximarse al extremo que mรกs calienta. Mientras tanto la felicidad en el plano mรกs personal es como esa bรบsqueda de nuestra รtaca durante cuya singladura la psicologรญa analiza lo que decidimos para alcanzarla. Y cada vez mรกs lo material cobra la magnitud de รบnica isla factible de conquistar.

ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ื™ืงืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทืกื˜ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืงืึทื”ื ืขืžืึทืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœ ื“ื™ืกืขืžืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืงืจืึธื• ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืงืจืึธืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืง, ื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืกื™ื›ืืœืื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื–ืžืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืกืขืจืึทื•ื ื“ื– ืึทืœืฅ, ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืจืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืงืฆื™ืขืก ืžืืจืงืคืœืขืฆืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืฉืœื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื“ืขืึธื“ืึธืจืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ืคึผืขืจืžืึทืจืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืึทื ืึทืœื™ื– ืคืจื•ื™ื“ื™ืึทืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ืกืึทืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื“ ื“ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ื– ...

ื“ื™ ืขืงืื ืืžื™ืข ืื™ื– ืึท ืงืึทื ื’ืœืึทืžืขืจืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกื™ื–ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืขืจื– ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื•ืœืึทืฆื™ืข ืฆื• ืฆืึธืœืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืกื™ื–, ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืคึฟืจื™ื“ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืงืึธื ืกื•ืžืขืจืก. ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืึทื•ื•ืึธืจื“ ื ืื‘ืขืœ ืคืจื™ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืขืงืื ืืžื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึท ืกื™ื™ืงืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทืกื˜, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืกืกื™ืคึผืœื™ื ืึทืจื™ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ.

Top 3 ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืกืคืจ ื“ื•ืจืš Daniel Kahneman

ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ, ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึทืžืขืœืขืš

En ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ, ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึทืžืขืœืขืšืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืข ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ืงืึทื”ื ืขืžืึทืŸ ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ืึท ืจืขื•ื•ืืœื•ืฆื™ืื ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืžืึทืจืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคืึธืจืขื ื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ. ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื 1 ืื™ื– ืฉื ืขืœ, ื™ื ื˜ื•ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืขืžืึธืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœ, ื‘ืฉืขืช ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื 2 ืื™ื– ืกืœืึธื•ืขืจ, ื“ื™ืœื™ื‘ืขืจืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืœ. ืงืึทื”ื ืขืžืึทืŸ ื™ืงืกืคึผืึธื•ื–ื“ ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืงืึทืคึผืึทืฆื™ื˜ืขื˜ (ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืขืจืจืึธืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืึทืกื™ื–) ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ, ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื™ื™ึทื‘ื™ืง ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ื•ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ื™ืžืคึผืจืขืกืกื™ืึธื ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื ื’ืงื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ.

ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืงืœ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืง ืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ืขื’ื™ืขืก, ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜, ื“ื™ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคืจืึทืžื™ื ื’ ืจื™ืกืงืก ืื™ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘, ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื• ื‘ื™ื™ืึทืกื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื™ื™ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื’ืขืจ ืžืึทืจืง ืฆื• ืคึผืœืึทื ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–; ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืึธืก ืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืžื•ืœื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกื™ื–ืฉืึทื ื–.

ืงืึทื”ื ืขืžืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ื™ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื™ื ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื ืขืคื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืžืขืœืขืš ื˜ื™ื ื’ืงื™ื ื’ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืจื™ื–ืึทืœื˜ื™ื ื’ ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืœื™ื™ื˜ื ื™ื ื’ ืœืขืจื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืกื™ื–ืฉืึทื ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทื›ืžืึทืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ื˜ืขืงื ื™ืงืก ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื™ึทืกื˜ื™ืง ืคื™ื™ืœื™ืขืจื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืก. ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ, ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึทืžืขืœืขืš ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืง ื˜ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ.

ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœ, ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึทืžืขืœืขืš

ืจืึทืฉ: ื ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืจืขื›ื˜

ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ื“ื™ืึทื’ื ืึธืกื™ื– ืฆื• ื™ื™ื“ืขื ื™ืงืึทืœ ืคึผืึทื˜ื™ืขื ืฅ; ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ื–ืืฆืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืขื ืœืขืš ืงืจื™ื™ืžื–; ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืžื™ื˜ืึธื’, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืขืกืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืึทืฉ: ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืึทืจื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจื™ืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš.

ืจืึทืฉ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื“ื™ืกื™ื–ืฉืึทื ื–, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืื’ื˜ ืขืจืจืึธืจืก ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทื•ื ื˜ืœืึทืก ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ, ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืง, ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ, ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜, ืงื™ื ื“ ืฉื•ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืจืึทืงืจื•ื˜ืžืึทื ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ื™ืฉืึทืŸ, ืขืก ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื“ืขืจื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ืคืœื•ืึทื ืกื™ื– ืื•ื ื“ื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืขื’ืœืขืš ื“ื™ืกื™ื–ืฉืึทื ื–.

ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืงืึทื”ื ืขืžืึทืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 'ืก ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ืกื™ื™ืงืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทืกืฅ, ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ Cass R. Sunstein ืื•ืŸ Olivier Sibony, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ืง ื˜ื™ื ื’ืงื™ื ื’, ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืจืึทืฉ, ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืขื ื“ ืฆื• ืื™ื’ื ืึธืจื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืขืก ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื. Ruido ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ืึท ืกืขืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ, ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืจืขืžืึทื“ื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื˜ื™ื ื’ืงื™ื ื’ ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืกืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ืกื™ื™ื˜ืคืึทืœ ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื™ืึทืก ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ Think Fast, Think Slow ืึท ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืข ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืกืขืœืœืขืจ.

ืจืึทืฉ: ื ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืจืขื›ื˜

ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืœื•ื–ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”

ื“ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื’: ืจื•ื‘ึฟ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ื™ื ื™ืฉืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ื– ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืกืฅ, ื ืขื‘ืขืš ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจื˜ ืงืึทื ืกืึทืงื•ื•ืึทื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืจื“ืึทืกื“ื™ืง ืจื™ืกืงืก ืื™ืŸ ื•ืžื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื ืึธืš ืึทื ืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ืขืก ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข, ื“ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ืขื ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึทืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื ืกืึทืงื•ื•ืึทื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืœื•ืก-ืžืื›ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืœื•ืกืึธืจื™ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ื, ืืœื ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ืึทืจื“ืึทืกื“ื™ืง ืึทืกืขืกืžืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื ื–, ืœืึธืกืกืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืฉืžืึธืขืก.

ื“ื™ ืงืึทื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื• ื‘ื™ื™ืึทืกื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ืึทื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืคึผืจืขืฉืขืจื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืึธื•ื•ื•ืขืจ-ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ื ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืกืคึผืจืขื“, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ืคืขืงืฅ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื“ื•ืกื˜. ื“ื•ืจืš ืงืึทืžืคึผืœืึทืžืขื ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืื ืขืœืŸ ืคืึธืจืงืึทืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกืึทื– ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืึทื”ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืขื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื™ื ื™ืฉืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ื–, ืžืึทื ืึทื“ื–ืฉืขืจื– ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืžืขืจ ืึทืงื™ืขืจืึทื˜ืœื™ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืกืชึผืžื ืึทื•ื˜ืงืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜. ื“ืขืจ "ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’" ืื™ื– ืึท ืคืึทืงื˜ ื•ื•ืึทื ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืจืึทื“ื•ืกืึทื– ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืึทื– ืึท ืคื™ืจืžืข ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื“ื™ื–ืึทืกื˜ืจืึทืก ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืกืžืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜.

ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืœื•ื–ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”
ืงื•ืจืก ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ

1 ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ยซื“ื™ 3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ Daniel Kahnemanยป

ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’

ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืงื™ืกืžืขื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื. ืœืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜.