ื“ื™ 3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ Josรฉ Luis Corral

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ื“ื™ืกื™ื™ื“ื– ืฆื• ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ื“ื™ ืึทืจื’ื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืึธืกืข ืœื•ื™ืก ืงืึธืจืจืึทืœ, ืึทืจืึทื’ืึธื ืขืกืข ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืขื“ืึทืงื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ืฉืึทื ืจืึท ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืขืœืขื˜ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง, ืืœ ืก ื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืœืขืจื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืืฐื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจืฒืŸ ืื™ื ืคืืจืžืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ. ืึทืจื•ื 20 ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืขื–ืฉืขืจื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืฉืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ืึทืœ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื’ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทื–ืจืึธื ื™ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืกืฆืขื ืึทืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกืึทืœ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข.

Josรฉ Luis Corral ืก ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืžื™ื™ึทืœืข ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืจืึธืžืึทื ื™ื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืคื™ืงืฉืึทื ื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ-ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืขืก ื™ื ืกืขืจื˜ืึทื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกืงืจื•ืคึผื™ืึทืœืึทืกืœื™ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึธื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜. ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ึทื“ื ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืึทื– ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ื”ืึทืœื‘ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืขื“ืึทื’ืึธื’ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœื•ื ื’, ืžื™ืกื˜ืึธืžืข ื“ื™ ื™ื“ืขืึทืœ ืกื™ื ื˜ืขื– ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš-ืจืขืกืคึผืขืงื˜ื™ื ื’ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ.

ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ื˜ืึทื˜ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ืœื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ื™ืงืกื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื™ึทืกืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืŸ, ื“ื™ืกื™ื–ืฉืึทื ื–, ืจืขื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืฉืึทื ื–, ืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทื ืกื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืœื•ืฉืึทื ื–, ื‘ื™ืœื™ืคืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜. ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืึทื ืกื˜ื™ื™ื‘ืึทืœ ื•ื•ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ืคืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื•ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ึทื“ื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื–ื™ื ื’ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืฉืึทื ืจืึท.

Josรฉ Luis Corral ืึธืคืคืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื›ื™ื™ึทื•ื•ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืงืขืจ, ืึทื–ืึท ืึท ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’, ืงืึทืžืคึผืึทื˜ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืง ืจื™ื˜ื ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืก ืขืจื™ื™ื–ืึทื–.

3 ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ Josรฉ Luis Corral

ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืœืš

ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืกืคึผืึทื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจืฆื ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื ื’ื“ืึธืžืก, ืงืึทื•ื ื˜ื™ื–, ืงืึทื ืงื•ื•ืขืกืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ืงืึทื ืงื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ืงืึทื ืคื™ื’ื™ืขืจ ืึทืŸ ื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืึทืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘ - ื™ื ื“ื–ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ื™ื ืกื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ (ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืจื•ื™ืึทืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื™ื ืกื˜ืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ). Josรฉ Luis Corral ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ื ืขืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ื• ืึทืœืฅ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืขื ื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืจืึธื™ืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืึทืœ. ืึทื– ื™ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ืึทื– ืคื•ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึทืจื˜ ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืึท ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืฆื• ืฉื ื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ ...

1312. ื˜ื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืกื˜ื™ืœืึท ื™ ืœืขืึธืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื ืึทื ื“ืึธ ื™ื•ื•, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืจืฉ, Alfonso XI, ืื™ื– ืงื•ื™ื ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืœื˜. ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืงืขืžืคืŸ ืึท ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš ืงืึทืžืฃ ืฆื• ืึธื ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืึธืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– Marรญa de Molina ืื•ืŸ Constanza de Portugal, Alfonso ืก ื‘ืึธื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื•ื• ืึท ืงืึธืžืคึผืœืขืงืก ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื’ื– ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื™ื™ืึทื ืกืึทื– ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืงืึธื•ื•ืขื˜. .

ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึท ื‘ื™ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ ืžืขื“ื™ืขื•ื•ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืขืจ Josรฉ Luis Corral ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ Alfonso XI ื“ื™ Justiciero, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ Pedro I ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืกื˜ื™ืœืข ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืึทื. ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื‘, ืคึผื•ื™ื–ืึทื ื“ ืคึผืึทืงื˜, ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืึทื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืคืึทืกืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’.

ื“ื™ ื’ืืœื“ืขื ืข ืฆื™ืžืขืจ

ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืจื™ื™ืก ืคื•ื ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ ืคึผืจืึธืคืขืกืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื˜ืึทื’ืึทื ืึทืกื˜, ืึท ื™ื™ื ื’ืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืŸ, ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืคืึทืกืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ. ื•ื•ืึทืŸ ืก ื™ืงืกืคึผื™ืจื™ืึทื ืกื™ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืกืคึผืขืจืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข ื“ืึทื˜ื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืก ืงืึทืœื˜ืฉืขืจื– ืคื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืฉื™ืจืขืก ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืงืึทืžื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืึธืจืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช.

ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ 'ืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœืก ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืขื˜ื ื™ืง ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื›ืขืจืŸ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืึทืŸ ืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทื ืกื™ื–, ืึธื ืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทื˜ืึทืœ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืฉืงืœืึทืฃ. ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืงืจื™ื™ื ื ืฆื• ื™ืกื˜ืึทื ื‘ื•ืœ, ื’ืขื ืึธืึท ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืจืึทื’ืึธื–ืึท, ืึท ื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ื ืกื™ืขื” ืฆื• ื“ื™ืกื™ื™ืคืขืจ ื“ื™ ืขื ื™ื’ืžืึทืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ืœื™ื™ึทื‘ื  ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืขืงืึธื•ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ึทื ื˜.

ื“ื™ ื’ืืœื“ืขื ืข ืฆื™ืžืขืจ

ื“ืขืจ ืืคื™ืงื•ืจืก ื“ืืงื˜ืืจ

ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทืคึผืึธื•ื–ืึทืœื– ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืขืจ ืจืขืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืึทื“ืึธื•ื–, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ืึทื’ื ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ. ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืขืคืึธื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื ืงืื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื, ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ืืคื™ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืœื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ืคื™ื™ืขืจืŸ.

ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ ืจืขืคืึธืจืžืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ื˜ืจืขื˜ืึทื ื“ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื ื˜ื•ื. ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื–ืึทืš ื•ื•ืึธืก ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทื ืกื™ื– ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ึท ื“ืจืึทื’ืก. ืื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืก ื“ื™ืกืงืึทื•ื•ืขืจื“ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืคึผืขืœืฅ ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึทืจืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ ืืžืช, ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื™ึทื–. Miguel Servetus ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ. ื–ืฒ ืŸ ืขืงื–ืขืงื•ืฆื™ ืข ื”ื ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ ื– ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ืœ ื˜ ื–ืฒ ืŸ ืืคืงืœืื ื’ , ืื‘ืข ืจ ืงืฒื ืžื ืœ ื–ืฒ ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข .

ื“ืขืจ ืืคื™ืงื•ืจืก ื“ืืงื˜ืืจ

ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ Josรฉ Luis Corral ...

ื“ื™ ืขืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืš. ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื˜

ื“ืขื ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ Josรฉ Luis Corral ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืืœืก ื ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืงืœื™ื™ืžื“ ืคืœื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืึทื’ืœืขืก. ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืึธืก ื™ื•ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ ื›ืึทืคึผืึทื ื–, ืื™ืš ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ืขื ืจื’ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ.

ื˜ืฉืึทืจืœืขืก ืื™ืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืจืึทื•ื ื“ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืžืคืขืจื™ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื˜ื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื™ืจืืคืขื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืึทื•ื•ืึทื’ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื—ืœื•ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึทืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ืงืึทืœืึทื ื™ื™ื–. ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ื˜ื™ื ืขื ื˜ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืคึผืจื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคืขืจื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ ืงืึธื ื˜ื™ื ืขื ื˜.

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ื™ืกืคึผืึทื ื™ืง ืžืึธื ืึทืจื˜ืฉ ืคื™ื™ืกื˜ ืึทืœืข ืกืึธืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื•ืกื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืœืขื’ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ืึธื‘ืขืจ Josรฉ Luis Corral, ืึทืŸ ื™ืžืคึผืขืงืงืึทื‘ืœืข ืงืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื™ืกื™ื˜ื•ื“ืขืก, ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ื–ืขืก ืขืคืขืก ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืœืš.

ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืžืึทืœืึทื˜ื™ื–, ื“ืึทื˜ืขืก, ื‘ืึทืึทืžื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื•ืึทืงืึทื˜ื™ื•ื• ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜, Carlos I ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ V ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“ (ื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœืข) ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื ื“ืึทืžืึทื˜ืึทื‘ืึทืœ (ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข) Juana ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื›ืึทืกืขื ืข ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืงื•ื–ื™ื ืข ื™ืกืึทื‘ืขืœ ื“ืข ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืึทืœ.

ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ, ื•ื•ืฒึทืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืข ืœืื–ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ืฉืคึผื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขื ื™ื’'ืก ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’. ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืงืึทืจืœืึธืก ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ ืžื™ื™ืœืกื˜ืึธื•ื ื– ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืจืœื™ Josรฉ Luis Corral ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ื“ืขื "ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืขื ื“ื™ืง" ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืœื™ื™ื“ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืฆื• ื‘ืขืกืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืฆื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคึผืึทืกื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 40-ื™ืึธืจ ืžืขืžืฉืึธืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ืกืึทืœื•ื•ื“ ืงืึธื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืžืœื—ืžื”.

ืœืขืกืึธืฃ, ื“ื™ ืขืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืš. ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื˜, ืื™ื– ืึท ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื™ื’ื–ืึธืกื˜ื™ื•ื• ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืœืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ...

ื“ื™ ืขืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืš. ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื˜

ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ

ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื™ื ืกื˜ืึธืœืžืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœืš. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ืจืึธืžืึทื ื– ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจืฆื ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืึทื ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืกืคึผืึทื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืœืžืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข - ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืึทืœ - ืžืœืš: ืคึผืขื“ืจืึธ ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืกื˜ื™ืœืข.

ื•ื•ืขืŸ Alfonso XI, ืžืœืš ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืกื˜ื™ืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืึธืŸ, ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฅ ืคึผืœืึธื’ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ืกื™ื“ื–ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ืจืึทืœื˜ืึทืจ, ื“ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืื™ื– ื™ืชื•ื, ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขื˜ืึทื ื“ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื•ื•ืึทืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืงืจืึทืคึผืก. ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคึผืขื“ืจืึธ, ืึท ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ-ื™ืึธืจ-ืึทืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืึธืจืฉื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืึธืก ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืืคื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืจื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืึทืœื™ื™ื–ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ ืžืœืš.

ืคึผื•ืฉื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ืขืงืึธืžืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืžืึทืจื™ืึท ื“ืข ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืึทืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขื˜ืึทื ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืžื–ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, Enrique de Trastรกmara, ืคึผืขื“ืจืึธ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืคืŸ ืึท ื›ื•ื•ืึทืœื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹โ€‹ื’ื•ื•ืึทืœื“, ื”ืึทืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืกืึทืงืขืจื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื’ื“ืึธืžืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืกื˜ื™ืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืึธืŸ, ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึทื ืึทื“ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจืึทื’ืึธืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืžืฉืึธืœืข ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ืจื™ื™ืึทืœ, ืึทืœื™ื™ืึทื ืกืึทื– ืื•ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช, ืึทื ืœื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืขืงืึทื ืข, ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข, ื’ืขืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืจืึธืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœืึทืฅ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืง ืื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืœ ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœืึทื“ื™ืึทืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข.

ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ
5/5 - (13 ื•ื•ืึธื•ืฅ)

2 ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ "ื“ื™ 3 ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ Josรฉ Luis Corral"

  1. ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืง. ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื™ื™ึทื ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ื ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคึผืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื•ื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืก ืจื™ืงืจื™ื™ื™ืฅ. ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ึทื“ื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืจืืžืื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ El Conquistador. ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“, ื•ื•ื™ ืœืืก ืขืกื˜ืจื™ื™ึทืก, ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืจืึธืžืึทื ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ: ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืœืš.
    ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืจืขืงืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจ. ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ืึทื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื“ื–ืฉื•ื™ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜-ื“ืึทืงื™ืึทืžืขื ื˜ืึทื“ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ. ืœืืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื”ืŸ ืฆื™ ื–ื™ ื•ื•ืื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืขืœืขื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืื ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจ

    ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ
    • ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืึทื™ื ืข. ืขืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืึทื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืึทื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืŸ ืึท ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื˜ ืึทื•ื•ืึธืจื“. ืื™ืš ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ 'ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– Eva Garcรญa Sรกenz de Urturi. ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื™ืงืกื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’

      ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ

ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’

ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ืึทืงื™ืกืžืขื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ืกืคึผืึทื. ืœืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืคึผืจืึทืกืขืกื˜.