Kwinkcazo yencwadi, ngala maxesha apho umbonisi esemsebenzini encoma ukulunga kombhali lowo kuthethwa ngaye, kuhlala kunomdla ukujonga umbhali, ngolwimi lwakhe olungathethi nto wakube evezwe eluntwini njengo Umtsalane wethuba.
Ndicaphula oku kuba ndikhumbula ngakumbi umboniso ngu UIgnacio Martinez de Pisón. Olu hlobo lokujonga olulahlekileyo ngamanye amaxesha eqikelelwayo amaxesha ngamaxesha ngokubhekisele kwinto ethethwa ngumbhali malunga nokunika ingxelo ngomsebenzi wakhe kwaye wachacha ngenxa yenyani phambi kwamazwi omboniso.
Ngaphandle kokumazi buqu, umbono endiwufumene kulo mbhali yayikukuba ngumdali ozolileyo, ejonge ngamehlo amakhulu, enomnxeba omdaka wendlela ethile yokujonga ngamehlo. Indibaniselwano ekugqibeleni ekhomba kulawo mabali alinganayo kodwa azolileyo, azinzileyo kuloo phantom yendalo eyadlulayo. Amaxesha sele elungisiwe ngembali apho abalinganiswa babonakala begwetyelwe, ngelixa behlala kweli nqanaba lalo naliphi na ixesha elidlulileyo ukuba ukuba kungangcono, ubuncinci iba ngumntu ngakumbi nakwimbandezelo.
Enkosi kobo buchule bokudibanisa kunye ii-intrahistories ezinjengeenoveli ezinkulu, UMartinez de Pisón (okanye mandithi umsebenzi wakhe) wenze umtsi kumdlalo bhanyabhanya kulungelelwaniso kunye nasekubhaleni iincwadi zakhe zeempendulo.
Ngokungathandabuzekiyo umbhali ongumbhali, umbalisi wamabali ophuhlisa uphando kwaye owakha abalinganiswa abagcwele oko kuphambana ukuze umntu aqale ekuphukeni kobuntwana kunye nokuba mdala (inoveli yakhe yokuqala "Inceba yenyoka" yalatha kwimbono yam ngokubhekisele kolo luvo Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwabantu phakathi kobuntwana kunye nelizwe lokwenyani ekucingelwa ukuba liyinyani, umbono oqinisekisiweyo kwinoveli yakhe yamva nje "Umthetho weNdalo"), ekugqibeleni ebhala amabali njengezinto ezingapheliyo ezinqwenelekayo zomphefumlo.
Iincwadi ezi-3 eziphezulu ezicetyiswayo nguIgnacio Martínez de Pisón
Ukuphela kwexesha
Ixesha lihamba ngokukhawuleza, njengayo nayiphi na ingoma ehamba kunye neenkumbulo zethu ezilungileyo, i-chorus ihlala kunye nencasa yayo yokuvala yokutshatyalaliswa kunye ne-melancholy. Kodwa besingayi kuba nto ngaphandle kwayo, ngaphandle kwezolo okusikhokelela ekungangeni ndawo.
Ngeli xesha lokuphela kwexesha, i-protagonists ifikelela kwihlobo ngalinye elitsha ukusuka kwisiganeko esipheleleyo esivumela ukuba bahlale kunye, nangona yonke into. Kwaye ingoma yakhe ihlala idlala nayo nangona yonke into. Kuphela yi-melancholy yabo yezolo eguqulwayo kubo ukuba banikezele ngokuthambileyo kwithuba kunye neendawo zokuguqula ubukho.
Indlela esecaleni komda wamaPhuthukezi, ngoJuni 1977. UJuan noRosa, abangekafiki nokuba sele bekwishumi elivisayo, baye badibanela kwikliniki yokuqhomfa ngokufihlakeleyo, kodwa ingozi ibathintela ekufikeni apho bebesiya khona. Phantse kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini kamva, uRosa kunye nonyana wakhe u-Iván baqala into eya kuba yiprojekthi yobomi babo, ukubuyisela indawo yeenkampu eCosta Dorada, kwelinye icala lepeninsula. Oko wazalwa u-Iván bahlala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, bahlala bethutyana, bahlala bodwa, bebaleka kwixesha elidlulileyo elingayi kuthatha ixesha elide ukubambana nabo.
Ukuphela kwexesha yinoveli malunga namandla, ngamanye amaxesha anetyhefu, amaqhina egazi; malunga neemfihlo zosapho ezenza isizukulwana ngasinye sigwetyelwe ukuphinda iimpazamo ezithile, kunye nokuba ukwazi kusiguqula njani sibe ngabanye abantu.
U-Ignacio Martínez de Pisón ulandela abalinganiswa abangalibalekiyo kunye nobudlelwane obungaqhelekanga bukamama nonyana kweli bali elihamba phantse ikota yenkulungwane kwaye ityhila ukuba elidlulileyo elingasonjululwanga ngumgibe obalulekileyo nokuba sizama ukuwutyeshela, okanye ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yawo.
Ngomso
I-grey ngokubanzi yasemva kwemfazwe iSpain yasasazeka njengengubo eyayithintela nayiphi na inkqubo yenkcubeko kunye neyasentlalweni yakuba umhlaba uvele kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi kwiminyaka embalwa kamva.
Owona mgaqo-nkqubo unomdla wamahlakani wavumela iSpeyin ukuba iqhubeke kobo bumnyama bungenamhlaba wobuzwilakhe bukaFranco. Kwaye yiloo minyaka ingamashumi amane de kwasweleka uzwilakhe olu suku lwangomso lukhombe kuyo, olungazange lubhengeze usuku olwandulela inkululeko. Indima kaJusto Gil, umlingiswa ocinezelweyo kwintsapho nakwintlalontle, kwenzeka ukuba kube ngumqondiso wokuhlukana kwaloo mihla.
Kwisixeko sakhe, iBarcelona, uJusto Gil uqalisa ukusinda, ezibeka kwelona cala lifanelekileyo ukuze akwazi ukwenza oko, phila nje. Kuphela kuphela apho sonke sifumana ubulungisa bethu.
Isimbuku seembono zabalinganiswa abathe banxibelelana noJusto benza loo mosaic waseKainite waseSpain waziphosa kwingozi yengcinezelo, namapolisa aqeqeshelwe ukwenza eyona mithetho imbi ...
igama elihle
Udumo. Elinye lala magama angasetyenziswayo ukusuka kwisimilo ukuya kulwimi nje. Kungenxa yokuba igama laliyinto ephantse yaxhonywa njengeleyibhile kwiintsapho nakwizizukulwana njengophawu olungacimekiyo. Yiyo loo nto inethuba elihle lokubhabha ngexesha losapho luhamba ngendlela yalo ukusuka kubazali ukuya kubantwana kunye nabazukulwana. Ewe, ukuba umntu uxakeke kakhulu kudumo oluhle, kusenokuba kungenxa yokuba unento enzulu anokuyifihla...
USamuel noMercedes bacamngca ngekamva leentombi zabo ezimbini xa bejongana nokutshatyalaliswa kobukoloniyali eMorocco kunye nokubuya kweSpanish ukusuka kwiProtectorate ukuya kwiPeninsula. SiseMelilla, kumashumi amahlanu kwaye, kulo mxholo wenguqu kunye nokungaqiniseki, esi sibini sithatha isigqibo sokuya eMalaga ukuya kuhlala eSpain eqala ngokucotha ukuvuleleka kule mihla.
Isandla kunye namalungu amahlanu osapho olunye, le saga ithatha iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yembali yethu kwaye ihamba ngezixeko ezinjengeMelilla, iTetuán, iMálaga, iZaragoza okanye iBarcelona. Iminqweno kunye nenkohliso kaSamuel noMercedes, iintombi zabo kunye nabazukulwana bazo ziya kulawulwa ziimfihlo ezingenakuchazwa kubomi obudlula ngokukhawuleza nangokungalindelekanga.
I-La buena reputación iyinoveli malunga nelifa esilifumana kwixesha elidlulileyo kunye nemvakalelo yokuba ngabanini, isidingo sokufumana indawo yethu kwihlabathi. Umbhali obalulekileyo weeleta zeSpanish,
Ezinye iincwadi ezicetyiswayo nguMartínez de Pisón
Umthetho wendalo
Amaxesha amangalisayo lawo otshintsho lwaseSpain. Isimo esifanelekileyo ukubonisa umntu ongamaziyo Isiseko sosapho sengelosi. Umfana ushukuma phakathi konxunguphalo lukatata obheja yonke into ephupheni kwaye ongakwaziyo ukuphuncuka ukusilela.
Isidingo somntu ongutata, esimntwisiweyo kutata esingagxili kakhulu kuxanduva lwakhe, senza ukuba u-Ángel kunye nabantakwabo abathathu bahambe kuloo ndawo ingacacanga apho uthando nentiyo zilwela ukuthatha imiphefumlo yabantwana.
U-Ángel ufunda umthetho kunye namava kuqala ukuguqulwa kweBarcelona neMadrid kwizixeko ezibini ezifuna indawo yazo phakathi kwale mihla kunye nokunqwenela. Phakathi kwenkqubo yezomthetho entsha, inqanaba elitsha laseSpain kumhlaba womntu, u-Ángel ufuna ucwangco lwezinto kunye nocwangco losapho.
Izizathu zokuba utata angabakhathaleli abantwana bakhe, ukuba bakhona, kunye nesizathu sokuba abanye abantwana baqhubeke nokukhangela utata apho bekungekho khona, hambisa eli bali lotshintsho lobuqu kutshintsho lwentlalo.
Inoveli elungileyo yemiqondiso, enentshukumo enzima ngamanye amaxesha kodwa ngokufunda kokugqibela kokugcina ngabalinganiswa abakwaziyo ukuhambisa uninzi lweemvakalelo ezihlanganisiweyo kuloo ndawo iphindwe kabini, leyo yethemba kuluntu olutsha oluvela kwilizwe elitsha kwaye yoxolelwaniso olunokwenzeka nelo lizwe, igunya labazali alizange lisetyenziswe.
iinqaba zomlilo
Ibali le-Hackneyed alinanyani njengaxa lenziwe ngamasuntswana kunye neziqwenga zobomi, iziqwenga ze-mosaic, amabali angaphakathi abaliswa ngendlela ecacileyo negqwesileyo njengoko uMartínez de Pisón ekwazi ukubamanya. Iingxelo ezisemthethweni zinxulumanisa iziganeko njengempahla engathungwanga. Ii-intrastories zombhali zenza yonke into ibe nengqiqo kumntu obukeleyo ofuna ukuqonda iziganeko zanoma yimuphi umzuzu. Ukulunga kwakhe nawuphi na umbhali ebusweni balo naliphi na ibali elidlulileyo lihlala kuloo mvakalelo yezolo efikelelekayo kuye nabani na ojonga kwixesha elidlulileyo ukuhlangula iinyaniso njengamanqindi ...
EMadrid, ngowe-1939-1945. Abaninzi bayasokola ukuya phambili kwisixeko esiphawulwe yindlala, ubuhlwempu kunye nemarike emnyama. NjengoEloy, umfana osisiqhwala ozama ukusindisa umzalwana wakhe osentolongweni kwisigwebo sokufa; U-Alicia, umsebenzi weofisi yebhokisi yemiboniso bhanyabhanya ophulukene nomsebenzi wakhe ngenxa yokulandela intliziyo yakhe; Basilio, unjingalwazi waseyunivesithi ojongene nenkqubo yokucoca; uFalangist Matías, orhweba ngezinto ezithinjiweyo, okanye uValentín, onako ukwenza nabuphi na ububi ukuze asuse ubugorha bakhe bangaphambili. Abathungi, abafundi, amapolisa: ubomi babantu abaqhelekileyo ngamaxesha angaqhelekanga.
Iinqaba zoMlilo yinoveli equlathe inyaniso ngakumbi kuneencwadi ezininzi zembali kwaye idlulisa umoya wexesha apho uloyiko luphantse lwalisusa ithemba elenze ngokwendalo indlela yalo kwintshabalalo. Ixesha lokwakha kwakhona apho imfazwe iphele kuphela kwabambalwa kodwa kungekho bani ukhuselekile, ingengabo abo baphakamayo ezinyaweni zozwilakhe okanye abo balwela ukumbhukuqa.
U-Ignacio Martínez de Pisón ubuya nenoveli yekwayala enebhongo apho axuba indawo yembali ebalaseleyo kunye nebhaliweyo kunye nekamva elinomdla labalinganiswa abambalwa abangalibalekiyo, kwaye emele isiphelo somsebenzi omkhulu wokubhala othweswe isithsaba ziincwadi ezibhiyozelwa ngabagxeki kunye nabagxeki. Uluntu lufana nodumo oluhle, Ngengomso namazinyo obisi.
Ifayile
Kumsebenzi wakhe oqhelekileyo wokuphanda ngolawulo lukaFranco, uMartínez de Pisón kutshanje usinikeze ibali phakathi kwezinto ezothusayo kunye ne-surreal, ingxelo engeziganeko zokwenyani ezibonisa ixesha elihlekisayo elalihlala eSpain yakudala yathunjwa nguzwilakhe.
Kukho abalinganiswa ababonakala kwimbali njengezinto ezinqabileyo zokwenyani ezibhekise kwisimo esisodwa. AmaCharlatans ajolise ekubeni zizinto ezingaphaya kokuba zenzeke ngokwabo ukuba babe ziiqhulo zethutyana kunye neziqhulo ezithi shwaka emva kwexesha elifutshane.
Kwaye ngoku, njengoko iminyaka ihamba, i-anecdotal inokubuya nenye ingqwalaselo eyahluke mpela, yabalinganiswa abangaqhelekanga abanamaqhula kunye nengqondo engenangqondo ekreqayo, engenakuthanani, enovelwano nangaphaya kokugqithisileyo kunokuba bebenokulindela oko. .
Kuphela ziirekhodi zolu hlobo lwabalinganiswa ezihlala kwindawo yokugcina amaphephandaba apho abaphandi, ababukeli okanye ababhali abanjengoIgnacio Martínez de Pisón baphela bezifumana ngenxa yezona zinto zintle kakhulu. Emva kwenoveli yakhe yamva nje, uMthetho weNdalo, uMartínez de Pisón usinika incwadi enomdla kakhulu.
Enkosi kuAlbert von Filek, uFranco wayesele eza kuyithathela ingqalelo into yokuba amandla akhe okuzimela anokubonwa kumanqanaba egunya lehlabathi elinokuthelekiswa noBukhosi baseSpain obudala. Lo mntu waseOstriya, osentliziyweni kubonakala ngathi uzelwe ngaphezulu kwipicaresque yaseSpain, wathi wayenakho ukuvelisa amafutha okwenziwa ngamanzi abalekayo kunye nezinye izinto zezityalo. Kwaye, ke, urhulumente wabona umthambo kuye.
Uhlobo olungaqhelekanga lwegama lakhe, isikhundla sakhe sokuba sisazinzulu esidumileyo, kunye nokukhuseleka kwakhe kugqityiwe kumqinisekisa uFranco kunye nosapho. Kangangokuba iindaba zokuveliswa kwepetroli yesintu zabhengezwa ngombhiyozo omkhulu.
Isokhemisti uFilek wayefuna ukuthanda iSpain ngokuchasene nezinye izithembiso ezininzi ezivela kubavelisi beoyile kwihlabathi liphela. Eyona nto inomdla ngalo mbandela ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo yayiyimbono yobuqu kaFayilek… wayezokuya kude kangakanani? Wayeza kuyifumana njani imali kuFranco kwaye aphuncuke kuqhuma umpu wakhe ezandleni zonguzwilakhe?
Alithandabuzeki elokuba yayiliqhinga elikhulu kwimbali yethu, omnye oyikekayo wabhengeza ubugxwayiba obabusasazwa nguFranco kwakuloo nyaka wayesandula ukubamba kuwo amandla, ngo-1939. IYurophu iphela sele igqugqisile kwiMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi kwaye sibulela ikhemist entsha yokufumanisa, uFranco unokucinga ukuba uloyiso lwehlabathi lwalusondele.
Ibali elivezwe ngocoselelo nguMartínez de Pisón, ibali elimnandi lokusinda, ubukrelekrele kunye nokuvela kwayo yonke into eyenziwe eAlbert Von Filek.
