Iincwadi ezi-3 ezilungileyo zikaMario Vargas Llosa

UMario Vargas Llosa Uyingqondi yokubhala ongaze ashiye nabani na ongakhathaliyo, kokubini kwindima yakhe njengombhali, njengakwindlela yokungenelela kwezentlalo kunye nokubonakaliswa kwezopolitiko. Ngqongqo uncwadi iileta zeOlimpiki zooLatin American ikulindile ecaleni kwe UGabriel García Márquez, kumacala omabini e ingawenzi.

Kodwa ebomini, umlinganiswa uyaqhubeka ukoyisa umsebenzi omkhulu. Kwaye eneneni kuyacetyiswa nokuba ubeneendawo ecacileyo kunye nemibono, njengoko kunjalo kwimeko Umvuzo Ibhaso likaNobel kuLwazi loncwadi ngo-2010. Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba ukubonisa ngaphandle kofudumele namhlanje kuphelela ekunikeni ingxelo yobutshaba, ukungalandelani kunye nobunye ubuyatha. Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kukungaguquguquki kwaye uDon Mario ubonakala eqhubeka ngale ndlela.

Sele ndiluthethile olu luvo simahla, ukuba siyabambelela kuncwadi, ngekhe kufuneke ndibhaqe umbhali omkhulu wasePeruvia, kodwa mhlawumbi ukuthanda kwam kunokukunceda ukhethe ufundo oza kungena kulo Uluhlu lweencwadi zikaMario Vargas Llosa.

Iincwadana ezintathu eziphambili ezicetyiswayo nguMario Vargas Llosa

Izinto ezimbi zentombazana embi

Uthando olujikelezayo, njengomthombo phakathi kwemiboniso, njengokuphumla naphakathi kwexesha. Uthando njenge-visa kuhambo olutsha ngalunye. Ngokuzisola ngokuphulukana nayo kancinane kwindawo entsha nganye, ngethemba lokuyibuyisela ngamandla angakumbi kuhambo olutsha. Kuba xa ubani enqwenela usukelo olubalulekileyo, uthando phantse aluze luphele de kube sekupheleni. Ngenxa yokuba ukuzinikela nokuzincama kuyamtyhafisa kweyona nkalo yakhe ibalulekileyo. Kwaye ngubani oncama ntoni ukuze yonke into iqhubele phambili ngokuhambelanayo?

Eselula kakhulu, uRicardo ubona iphupha lakhe lokuhlala eParis lizaliseka. Kodwa ukuhlangana kwakhona nothando olukwishumi elivisayo kuya kutshintsha yonke into. Umfazi omncinci, ongaconformist, onomdla, othanda izinto kwaye akaphumli, uya kumtsala amkhuphe kwihlabathi elincinci lamabhongo akhe.

AmaNgqina amaxesha anesiphithiphithi kunye nenkqubela phambili kwizixeko ezinjengeLondon, iParis, iTokyo kunye neMadrid, bobabini abalinganiswa baya kububona ubomi babo budibana ngaphandle kokudibana ngokupheleleyo. Lo mdaniso wokudibanela kunye nokungavisisani kuya kwenza ukuba ubunzulu bebali bukhule kwiphepha nephepha de bukhuthaze ukudibanisa okuyinyaniso komfundi kunye nendalo yeemvakalelo zabalinganiswa. Umdla kunye nomgama, ithuba kunye nesiphelo, intlungu kunye nokuzonwabisa ... Yintoni ubuso bokwenene bothando?

Itheko lebhokhwe

U-Mario Vargas Llosa ubonakalisa ulwazi olunzulu malunga nokuqhubeka kwezentlalo kunye nezopolitiko kuyo yonke i-Latin America kwiincwadi zakhe ezininzi. Kodwa mhlawumbi lo ngowona msebenzi wakhe uphumelele kolo hlobo lomxube phakathi kokugxekwa kwezopolitiko (okanye ubuncinci kulawulo olubi) kunye nokufana kwezentlalo.

KwiLa Fiesta del Chivo singqina ukubuya kabini. Ngelixa u-Urania wayetyelele utata wakhe eSanto Domingo, sibuyela emva ngo-1961, xa ikomkhulu laseDominican lalisabizwa ngokuba yiCiudad Trujillo. Kukho indoda engafumani mbilo icinezela abantu abazizigidi ezithathu bengazi ukuba utshintsho lwaseMachivavellian lwedemokhrasi luyaqhubeka.

UVargas Llosa, odidi lwakudala, ubalisa ngokuphela kwexesha lokunika ilizwi, phakathi kwamanye amanani embali, kuJenene Trujillo, ongenagxeke nongenakoyiswa, ogama linguEl Chivo, noGqirha Balaguer (umongameli ongunaphakade weRiphabhlikhi yaseDominican).

Ngengqisho kunye nokuchaneka ekunzima ukuyibetha, le Peruvian yendalo iphela ibonisa ukuba ezopolitiko zinokubandakanya ukwenza umntu ngezidumbu, kwaye umntu omsulwa angasisipho esibi.

I-Pantaleon kunye neendwendwe

Ihlabathi liyinto ehlekisayo kwaye xa umbhali onje ngoVargas Llosa ethatha into ebuhlungu yexesha lethu, umphumo ngumsebenzi ohlekisayo, ohlekisayo. Kodwa kwinoveli ephazamisayo kwaye ilayishwe ngokubaluleka kweengxaki zethu njengophawu olubalulekileyo lomntu. Ujongene nembali yobomi obuvela kubalinganiswa be-quixotic namhlanje, kuhlala kuphela ukuvuma ubuqaqawuli bokwahlulwa, uyolo lokufumanisa ulwahlulo lweemvakalelo.

U-Pantaleón Pantoja, ukapteni wezomkhosi osandula ukukhuthazwa, ufumana i-mission yokuseka inkonzo yobuhenyu kwi-Armed Forces yase-Peru kweyona mfihlo yomkhosi. Uqwalasele ngokungqongqo umsebenzi, wafudukela eIquitos, phakathi ehlathini, ukuze enze injongo yakhe, apho wazinikela khona kwinkani kangangokuba wagqibela ngokubeka engozini izixhobo awayezicwangcisile.

Ifunyenwe kwaye yadityaniswa kunye nobuchule benkosi, I-Pantaleon kunye neendwendwe ucinga ukujika emsebenzini obalisayo kaMario Vargas Llosa. Ubunyani bezentlalo obukhoyo kwimisebenzi yakhe yakuqala bunikezela kumthamo ochanekileyo woburharha, isuti kunye nesigqebelo esityebisa ngaphandle komlinganiso ukukhula kwendalo yakhe ekhethekileyo yoncwadi.

Ezinye iincwadi ezicetyiswa nguMario Vargas Llosa…

Lituma kwiiAndes

Ndadibana noMario Vargas Llosa, okanye ubuncinci ndangena emsebenzini wakhe ngenxa yomvuzo wePlateta awathi wawongwa ngo-1993 ngale noveli.

U-Lituma ngumlinganiswa ophambili wale ncwadi, umkhosi wamajoni wase-Peru onomsebenzi wokukhusela abantu abasongelwa ngumbutho wabanqolobi o-Shining Path. Amava omdaka, ubukho obunokubakho, ubuchule kwinkcazo yemeko ngokubanzi kunye neyobuqu, ubugcisa bokwenyani ...

Kwinkampu yemigodi esezintabeni zasePeru, iCape Lituma kunye nosekela-Tomas bahlala kwindawo enenkani nenentiyo, phantsi kwesoyikiso esivela kubanqolobi baseMaoist beShining Path, kwaye besokola neemfihlakalo ezingacacanga ezibaphazamisayo, ezinjengokunyamalala okuthile. ayichazeki; Kukwakho ibali elisondeleyo laba balinganiswa, ngakumbi olo luthando lakudala lukaTomás, oluxelwa ngohlobo lweziqendu ezifakwe ngaphakathi njengendawo yokuphikisa iinkumbulo kumdlalo weqela.

Ukuphefumla okuyintsomi kwebali, apho ezinye izinto ezininzi ezitsaliweyo zitsaliwe, kuphefumlela ubomi obungaqhelekanga kwizinto eziyinyani ezijongwa ngendlela engayekeleliyo nengacacanga.

Ndinikezela ukuthula kwam

Abona babalisa bakhulu bayaphumelela xa kufikwa ekusinikeni amabali ahambelana nomxholo nangaliphi na ixesha. Le yindlela abenza ngayo abalinganiswa abangalibalekiyo aboyisa iimeko ukuze babe ngamagorha okusinda...

U-Toño Azpilcueta uchitha iintsuku zakhe phakathi komsebenzi wakhe esikolweni, intsapho yakhe kunye nothando lwakhe olukhulu, umculo weCreole, oye waphanda ukususela ebusheni bakhe. Ngenye imini, umnxeba utshintsha ubomi bakhe. Isimemo sokuya kumamela isiginci esingaziwayo, uLalo Molfino, umlinganiswa ekungekho mntu waziyo kodwa onetalente enkulu, ubonakala eqinisekisa yonke intuition yakhe: uthando olunzulu aluvayo ngeewaltzes zasePeruvia, oomatiloshe, iipolkas kunye ne-huainos banesizathu esinye. ngaphaya kolonwabo lokubamamela (okanye ukubaxhentsa).

Mhlawumbi into eyenzekayo kukuba umculo weCreole, ngokwenene, awulona phawu lwelizwe lonke kunye nokubonakaliswa kweso simo sengqondo sasePeruvia se-huachafería ("igalelo elikhulu lasePeru kwinkcubeko yehlabathi", ngokutsho kweToño Azpilcueta), kodwa into eninzi. okubaluleke ngakumbi: into ekwaziyo ukuxhokonxa inguqu kwezentlalo, yokudiliza ucalucalulo kunye nemiqobo yobuhlanga ukuze imanyanise ilizwe lonke kumanyano lobuzalwana kunye nemestizo. Kwilizwe elaqhekeziweyo nelidlakazwe lugonyamelo lweSendero Luminoso, umculo unokuba yinto ekhumbuza bonke abo babumba ibutho labantu ukuba, ngaphezu kwayo yonke enye into, bangabazalwana kunye nabantu basekhaya. Kwaye kule nto, kunokwenzeka ukuba ubuhle besiginci sikaLalo Molfino bunento eninzi yokwenza nayo.

UToño Azpilcueta uthatha isigqibo sokuphanda ngakumbi ngoMolfino, ahambe aye kwindawo avela kuyo, adibane nalo mlinganiswa unzima, afunde ngembali yakhe, usapho lwakhe kunye nemicimbi yothando, ukuba waba ngumdlali wegitare obalaseleyo. Kwaye unenjongo yokubhala incwadi apho anokuxelela khona imbali yomculo wesiCreole kwaye aphuhlise ingcamango yokuba ukufunyanwa kwale mvumi ingaqhelekanga kuye kwangena engqondweni yakhe. Iintsomi kunye nezincoko ke ngoko zidityaniswe ngobuchule kule noveli apho ophumelele iBhaso leNobel lasePeru ebuyela kwisifundo ebesisoloko simthatha iminyaka: utopias. Yiloo nto iToño Azpilcueta ekugqibeleni ilandela: i-utopia yokuvelisa, ngobugcisa, umbono welizwe.

Amaxesha anzima

Into malunga neendaba ezingeyonyani (into esele siyibonile le ncwadi yakutshanje de UDavid alandetesisifundo esivela kude. Nangona ngaphambili, ubuxoki bokuzenzela babusenziwa ngendlela egxile ngakumbi kumanqanaba ezopolitiko ahanjiswe ziiarhente zobuntlola kunye nezinye iinkonzo kwelinye icala le-Iron Curtain.

Uyazi kakuhle a UMario Vargas Llosa loo nto yenza ukuba le noveli ingumxube phakathi kwembali kunye ne-intrahistory ukuze ekugqibeleni inandiphe esona siphumo sikhulu sokwenzekileyo.Siya eGuatemala ngo-1954. Ilizwe eliphila ngeentsuku zalo zokugqibela elasekwa iminyaka elishumi, ukuya kwelo lizwe.

Kodwa kwelona xesha linzima lemfazwe ebandayo, akukho nto inokuhlala ixesha elide kuMbindi nase Mzantsi Melika apho i-United States ihlala ilungisa iyelenqe layo.

Njengoko iiYankees zazinokukwazi ukuthatha isiphoso ngqo eSpain ekutshoneni kwenqanawa iMaine eyakhupha imfazwe eCuba phakathi kwala mazwe mabini, kulula ukuqikelela malunga nenyani mayela ne Vargas Llosa amabakala eli bali ulungelelwaniso olunomdla phakathi kweziganeko zokwenyani, ukucacisa iingxelo kunye nesenzo sabalinganiswa abayintsomi.

Ekugqibeleni, yayinguCarlos Castillo Armas owabulala. Kodwa ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo yayikukuvuyisana ne-United States esikelele isenzo ukuze kupheliswe izilingo zolawulo lobukomanisi kuloo mmandla.

Kamva nganye iya kuvuna iziqhamo zayo. I-United States izakufumana ingeniso yayo enenzuzo ngelixa uCastillo Armas ephelisa naluphi na uhlobo lovukelo ngokulungisa ubulungisa belizwe ukuba bulinganise. Nangona inyani kukuba khange ahlale ixesha elide kangaka emandleni ngoba emva kweminyaka emithathu wagqibela ngokubulawa.

Ke iGuatemala yindawo ebonakalayo yento entsha uVargas Llosa afuna ukusixelela yona kwii-engile ezininzi nakwiziqwenga zobomi ezenza i-mosaic yokugqibela. Ngabalinganiswa abasoloko besecaleni lokusinda, kunye neminqweno yabantu abadidaniswe neembono, ngezityholo kunye nokujongana rhoqo.

Incwadana enkulu malunga neentsuku ezinzima ze-Guatemala ebonga kakhulu, ngaphezu kwayo yonke, ukugcinwa nokulawulwa kwe-CIA kweli lizwe kwaye, ngokubanzi, ngaphezu kobomi babantu abaninzi baseGuatemalans.

Incoko ePrinceton

Ndizimisele ukukhetha iinoveli zalo mbhali. Kodwa inyani kukuba ayikaze ibenzakalise ukwazi izizathu ezibalulekileyo zombhali kunye nokutolika kwakhe uncwadi njengento engaphezulu kwesithuthi sokubonisa.

Inyani yile yokuba kum uncwadi yiyo yonke into ekuonwabisa okanye ekuhlakulelayo, ekunika ulwazi okanye ekuncedayo ukuba ubaleke. Ke ngoko andivumelani nombono woncwadi ophakanyiswayo nguVargas Llosa. Kodwa le ncwadi isinika indlela yakhe yokucinga malunga nomsebenzi wokubhala (uhlala unomdla xa unikelwe yingqondi) kwaye usinika indlela yakhe yokubona umhlaba kunye nefilosofi yakhe yangoku, yombhali okhulileyo.

Iindlela ezintathu ezihambelanayo ziyahlangana kule ncwadi: leyo yombhali, otyhila inkqubo yokuyila iinoveli zakhe; URubén Gallo, ohlalutya iintsingiselo ezahlukeneyo ezenziwa yimisebenzi kaVargas Llosa ngexesha lokusasazeka kwabo, kunye naleyo yabafundi, abathi ngokubonakalisa kwabo nangemibuzo yabo banike ilizwi kwizigidi zabafundi bakaVargas Llosa.

Incoko ePrinceton lithuba elikhethekileyo lokuya kwiklasi eyi-master kuncwadi kunye nenyani efundiswe ngomnye wababhali abaziwayo nabaxabisekileyo emhlabeni.