Iincwadi ezi-3 ezilungileyo zika-Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Namhlanje sizisa umbhali okhethekileyo onje UAleksandr Solzhenitsyn ngubani, ukuze sibe nobuganga bokumohlula, kuya kufuneka sicinge ngomxube phakathi kwe-dystopian-political perfectionism. George Orwell; ubukho bobukho bulinganiselwe ebalini kodwa bunzulu kakhulu kuthelekelelo lwe EChekhov; kunye nobunyani beemeko zakhe ezibuhlungu, kwelinye icala, akazange aphephe ngokusekelwe kwiingcamango zakhe ezingenakuthintelwa.

Ngenxa yokuba u-Aleksandr omdala olungileyo (ngcono ukuba angacebisi ukubiza ifani yakhe ngokuchanekileyo), ngokujonga kwakhe Isaac Asimov, yayisoloko ihambelana nombono wakhe wehlabathi. Ngokufanayo xa waya ngaphambili ukuze akhusele iRashiya kumaNazi, kwaye kamva xa ezama ukumthulisa ngenxa yokuchaza iinkalo zezinye iinkcubeko ezingahambelani neengcamango zeSoviet.

Le yindlela awaphela ngayo kwi-gulag kwaye yile ndlela abo bamthumelayo apho benza kube lula ukuba iintlungu zezo nkampu zokuvalelwa kunye nokuxhatshazwa zaziwa kwihlabathi lonke xa uAleksandr ebeka inkohlakalo yolawulo lwamakomanisi aseRashiya kumnyama namhlophe. .

Inoveli, ibhayografi, ubungqina kunye nembali zifumana u-Aleksandr umanyano olungagungqiyo lomntu, mhlawumbi eyona nto ibalulekileyo yomsebenzi wakhe ukufikelela kwiBhaso leNobel kuLuncwadi ngo-1970.

Iincwadi ezi-3 eziPhambili eziCetyisiweyo ngu-Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Gulag Archipelago

Ukubala ngenkohlakalo eyenziwa ngurhulumente weSoviet iminyaka engaphezu kwama-30 yanele imiqulu emininzi. Ukususela ngaphambi kowe-1930 ukusa kowe-1960, nabani na owayengavumelani, engakhululekanga, okanye owayekhethwa nje kuphela wayenokuya kuhlala kwenye yeenkampu zaseGulag, kunye nezaphuli-mthetho ezinemivimbo yonke. Kodwa ngowe-1958, kwiminyaka emibini emva kokuba esindile ephila, wazibhokoxa ekubhaleni oko wakubonayo nawakubonayo phakathi kwenkqubo yentolongo ekhohlakeleyo. Kwaye akukho nto iseleyo kumbhobho.

Kolu xwebhu lubalulekileyo, uSolzhenitsyn, owayevalelwe kwenye yezo nkampu, uvuselela kabuhlungu ubomi ngaphakathi kwishishini lentolongo ngexesha leSoviet Union, kwaye ukuqhekeka kwakhe kuba luhambo ngenxa yoloyiko, iintlungu, ingqele, indlala kunye nokufa, kunye. nto leyo urhulumente wobuzwilakhe wayivala umlomo yonke inkcaso. Le miqulu mithathu kubhekiswa kuyo apha ngezantsi. Ngaphezulu kwamaphepha angama-2.000 ewonke ukuze abonise kwihlabathi ukubandezeleka kwezizukulwana kunye nezizukulwana zamaRashiya aphantsi kowona mthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Mhlawumbi awuzange utyhileke kangako ekukhanyeni nakwi-stenographers ye-Nazism, kodwa njengobungenabuntu.

Usuku ebomini Ivan Denisovich

Ukongeza ekujonganeni nomba weGulag ngokwembono yolandelelwano lwamaxesha, inxalenye yeemvakalelo yelo xesha lobomi esihogweni esinomkhenkce elithetha ukuthini, yabonakaliswa kolu hlobo lwenoveli efafazwe ngobunyani, ngokusengqiqweni.

Esebenzisa imbono ekhululekileyo yenoveli, esivumela ukuba sihlolisise imiba ethile yabalinganiswa baloo ntlekele, umbhali usinika u-Iván Denisovih ojongene neentsuku zakhe zokugqibela zesigwebo. I-Stockholm syndrome inokuvela endle. wokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi kwi-gulag ufumana e-Iván ixabiso lobuntu obunzima kakhulu. Kuba yonke into yexesha elidlulileyo lixesha elilahlekileyo, liphila kuphela.

Kwaye kwezona meko zintle ezifana neka-Ivan, kwiminyaka yobudala emncinci ngokwaneleyo ukuba uphile ..., kwaye ucinge ukuba ubomi bakho bubiwe esihogweni. Okubi kunabo bonke ku-Ivan kukukhanya kwesigwebo sakhe, impazamo enxulumanisa nomngcatshi, i-deserter, i-spy xa wenza ngokuchanekileyo ngokuchaseneyo, ebalekela amaNazi ukuba abuyele kumkhosi wakhe othandekayo waseRashiya.

Akukho mntu ungcono kuno-Ivan, onemvakalelo yonxunguphalo yokudityaniswa kweendlela ezibalulekileyo phakathi kwento eyayikho kunye neshiyekileyo kuye, ukuqonda imvakalelo emangalisayo yezo ntolongo zaseSoviet zizimisele ukutshabalalisa nokujongela phantsi ingqondo yakhe nabani na odlula apho. Saya kuIvan ngenye imini kuphela. Kwanele ukuba ube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni, mhlawumbi ngeyona ndlela ichanileyo, ukuba bekunokuba njani oko ekuphumeni kwelanga okungapheliyo kwingqatsini yelanga engazange iwakhanyisele loo mazwe.

Usuku ebomini Ivan Denisovich

Isangqa sokuqala

Kule noveli uAleksandr uba UJohn le Carré. Kuphela kwimeko yombhali waseRashiya, eyazi imvelaphi yakhe njengenqaba yokwenene ye-USSR, umcimbi uthatha umlinganiselo ohlukileyo. Enyanisweni, ekugqibeleni sibuyela kwindalo yonke ye-gulag kunye nenkqubo yayo ye-infernal yeentolongo eyayixhaphaza wonke umntu odlula apho. I-Gulag kukuba, izangqa zikaDante zesihogo, zikhokelwa kule meko nguVirgil ohlambalaza izithuko ze-pro-Soviet, ngokungathi yonke into yayiyeyona nto ilungileyo, ilizwe lasekhaya elinokulahla naluphi na ubomi obusongelayo okanye uluvo.

Kodwa kwangaxeshanye le ncwadi iyenye into, iyinoveli ebukhali yokukhangela umqala onzulu, ilizwi elazisa iUnited States malunga neeprojekthi zeathom zaseSoviet. Kwaye amandla eathom ayekho ngexesha lemfazwe ebandayo, kunye nogqatso lwasemajukujukwini, imiceli mngeni emibini emikhulu, amadabi angenamsebenzi omnye kunye nomnye, njengemidlalo ye-macabre.

Igama livela kwi-Russian Foreign Ministry ngokwayo. Ngaphandle kokuba akukho namnye ovela kwi-KGB okwaziyo ukufumana umthumeli womyalezo, orekhodiweyo ngokufanelekileyo, njengezinto ezininzi eziphantsi kolawulo lobunkokeli beSoviet. Izazinzulu zivalelwe apho ngenxa yobume bazo obusoyikisayo... Kwaye ukuba umntu akazixeli izazisi zakhe, wonke umntu unokuhlawula ixabiso...

Isangqa sokuqala
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