Iincwadi ezi-3 ezilungileyo zembali eSpain

Isizwe ngasinye sineengcambu ezingafaniyo njengomxube wabantu kumaxesha amaninzi kungquzulwano. ISpain ayizukukhetha kwaye ukwakheka kwayo kubangelwe yimanyano engalindelekanga, i-vagaries ye-destiny kunye nokusondela, ngakumbi oko kusondela, ngaphaya kwamaphupha amanzi amdaka okwahlukana okunomdla, kuchaza kubemi beendawo ezithile zeli polanethi ukufana okucacileyo. Inyaniso yokuba ungowesizwe esithile, inommandla oqhelekileyo njengepeninsula kwaye yandiswa kumxube, ayinako ukuseka izinto ezahlulahlulahlula izinto ozifunayo.

Yenza uncwadi ngale nto okanye nangayiphi na enye into malunga Imbali yaseSpain ineengozi zayo. Kungenxa yokuba ngaphaya kwe iintsomi zembali apho yonke into inokulungiswa khona, iincwadi zembali njengezinto ezifundisayo zibeka emngciphekweni wokuba zizixhobo zopolitiko. Ke kuya kufuneka ujikeleze kakuhle ukufumana ezo iincwadi kwimbali yaseSpain ukuba zisekwe kumaxwebhu angqwabalala kwaye zitsale ukulandelelana ukwenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo wombhali-mbali ube ngumdla wokwazisa, uhlala unamandla okuvulela ukufunyanwa kunye novavanyo ngokuthelekisa imithombo eyahlukeneyo.

Abakho bambalwa amaSpanishi angaphaya kwemida yethu abazinikeleyo kwibali leyinto eyiSpanish ngokuzithemba okubonakala ngathi kunika imbali ye-asepsis, inkululeko yenqobo. Onke la matyala ashiyeke njengamaqhinga kwaye enza imizobo yento eyiSpanish njengohambo olunomdla apho kungekho ndawo yezakhiwo ezihamba phambili okanye abaFarisi abakwaziyo nokwenza izinto ezingeyonyani zokubeka inxenye yeSpain ngaphambi kokuba ibe nembali enkulu amalungelo ... Ayisiyo eyam le nto, unga apha njengomboniso wamandla okwahlulahlula amandla okukhohlisa yonke into. Ityala elona libi nangakumbi kunenkohliso ye-Catalan INH ...

Ngaphandle kombala wegazi weflegi (kuthekani ukuba sishiya umbala obomvu, omthubi nobomvu ngaphandle kwekhaka? oko kusondela kwetroir. Kungenxa yokuba abahlukanisi bayo nayiphi na indawo bahlala kwisikhumbuzo sabo, eIthaca behla benyuka kwiilwandle zehlabathi ezibakhanyelayo imeko yabo… inkohliso.

Iincwadi ezi-3 eziphambili zembali eSpain

Imbali yaseSpain, nguArturo Pérez Reverte

Ingqondo yokuba yiSpanish namhlanje iyanxila yimibono, iingcinga, izakhiwo kunye nesithunzi eside sokukrokrela malunga nesazisi esisebenza njengonobangela wengxabano eqhubekayo malunga nokuba kuthetha ntoni ukuba yiSpanish. Iilebhile kunye neManichaeism zilinganisela nayiphi na imbono yokuba yintoni iSpanish, endaweni yabo bonke abo benza iyelenqe ngokuchasene nenyaniso yokuba iyinyani, bayizalisa ngetyala, bayisondeza kwisikhuthazo somzuzu somzuzu ophulukana nokudlula okumnyama ukuze bawusebenzise.

Umbono osebenza nzima wokuba iSpain ngoku iyafana naxa yayihluthwe kwaye isonyanzelwa liqela, icinga ukwamkelwa ngokupheleleyo ukuba yonke into ilahlekile, ukuba abo bayiguqula phantsi kweprism enye bayigcinele yona phambi kwabo bayithandayo yinto engaphezulu kwaye eyahlukileyo. Ukusilela ekuchazeni ilizwe lakho, njengayo nayiphi na enye, kwaye kunezibane kunye nezithunzi zalo kwaye, ekugqibeleni, akufuneki kube zezayo nayiphi na ingcinga kodwa kwabo bahlala kweso sifuba sesizwe singaqhelekanga.

Kungenxa yoko le nto kungaze kube buhlungu ukunika ingqalelo kumbhali osisiseko wemihla yethu. Umbhali osebenza ngaphandle kwengxabano malunga nesazisi ukusuka kwi-anecdotal ukuya kwizinto eziyimfuneko. Kungenxa yokuba olu hlobo lokudityaniswa kweengcinga lubonisa iindawo ezahlukeneyo zexeshana ze-Iberia apho ama-rogues, scoundrels, liars, conjurers of the verb and indoctrinators ngaphandle kwemfundiso yabo baphumeleleyo kwaye baphumelela, kuwo omabini amacala ombono woluvo.

Kwaye ndithi "mbumbulu" ukubeka phambi kweengcamango kuba ngokwenene, kumaxesha amaninzi imalunga noku, ukhulula ubuxoki, ubonakalise ubuxoki, ubhale kunye nesiphetho esibuhlungu kakhulu sikaPérez Reverte sokugqibela ngokumakisha ngamnye ngeengxaki zabo.

Ukuzingca ngokuba yiSpanish okanye isiPhuthukezi okanye isiFrentshi kuhlala kubuqaqawuli babantu abasakhululekileyo kweli bala lokuziphatha kubuxoki. Ukujongana nobuzwe obucingelwayo, abemi baseSpain abonileyo banxibe iflegi eyahlukileyo, leyo banxibe kuyo ngenyaniso nococeko, engazange ikhusele abantu abangaziphathanga kakuhle xa ingezizo izaphuli-mthetho. Njengokuba abantu ababi banokuba kwicala elinye kuphela, ngokungathi ukucinga ngokwahlukileyo kubo kuya kungena kuloo ndawo kuthiwa yiSpain emnyama ukuba ukuba ikho kanye kungenxa yobuso obunobukrakra apho abanye bajonge ngamehlo izolo, kwaye abanye Impendulo eyenzakalisayo, baphathiswe oomoya abadala.

Kungenxa yokuba akufani nokuphindaphinda ukubuyiselwa kwamalungelo kunye nembeko yokoyiswa nakweyiphi na imfazwe kunokuba uzame ukufaka yonke into kwi-indominy, kude kube sekupheleni kweentsuku nayo yonke into ehamba ngesantya esifanayo.

Imbali kaPérez Reverte sisithuba sokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, ngaphandle kolwimi olunyanzelweyo ngokuchanekileyo kwezopolitiko, ngaphandle kwamatyala nabaxhasi abanokubakho, ngaphandle kokuzibophelela kwaye ngaphandle kwenjongo yokubhala imbali entsha. Imbali ikoluvo nayo, okoko nje oku ayisiyiyo into exhaphakileyo yokuzixhasa.

Yonke into iphantsi. Kwaye oko kuyaziwa ngumbhali owenza uvelwano sisixhobo sokurhweba. Kwaye ke le ncwadi siyifumana ithetha ngenkohlakalo xa umthetho wawukhohlakele kwaye evula ingxabano xa ukungqubana kweembono kukhokelela kwisaqhwithi.

ISpain, isambuku sobuzwe ngokokuba ngubani oyibonayo, iprojekthi ngokudibanisa indawo elula, ilizwe lakowabo yi-hodgepodge ekwabelwana ngayo ukusuka ePyrenees ukuya eGibraltar. Konke komnye kubuxhakaxhaka obuqhelekileyo, ukuthatha inxaxheba kumzuzu ozukileyo okanye kumaphepha amnyama, kuxhomekeke kwindlela abafuna ukufunda ngayo.

UPérez Reverte lilizwi lobuchwephesha kula malaphu ashushu ziiflegi, ibali lokuba le Spain ingaba yintoni eyona nto intle, ngokulula, kukujonga abanye njengabalinganayo kwaye sonwabele izinto zabo xa sihamba Obu budlelwane bunomdla werag ekude ephakanyisiweyo. Incinci okanye enye into yiSpain, nokuba yileta esongelayo umhobe. Ngo-Matshi wasebukhosini nokuba imvelaphi yayo ilahlekile kwimpembelelo yokuyilwa okungafaniyo.

Imbali yaseSpain ixelelwe abagxeki, ngu-slav galán

Kwenzeka njengayo yonke into. Nje ukuba ubugcisa okanye isifundo senziwe kakuhle, umntu unokukwazi ukuzibandakanya kwiinkcukacha, ukutshintsha isingqisho esiqhelekileyo ekuboniswa ngaso izinto. Kwaye unokude uveze uluvo lwakho ngalo mbandela lo gama nje loo nto itolikayo ibonakalisiwe. Kungenxa yokuba ewe, kwimbali kukho izikhewu kwaye kukho iindawo apho okucingelwayo kufezekisa oko kungafikeleli ngokungqongqo kwimbali.

Kukho abo bayigubungelayo ngokudibanisa imbali kwaye abo benza njalo ngokwenza uqikelelo lokuba umntu ngamnye axabise. Umahluko ocacileyo phakathi kokuziqhelanisa okungenampilo nokuba kungasiphi na isizathu, kwimeko yethu yokwahlulahlula, kunye nesindululo sophando okanye uhlalutyo kwimeko yengqondo evulekileyo ngakumbi ...

Ukusuka kwimbali ukuya kwiPodemos, umbhali uphonononge imbali yelizwe lethu eyithetha ngendlela yoqobo kunye neyonwabisayo eya kubamba abafundi. Le yimbali yaseSpain ethi, njengoko umbhali ngokwakhe esixelela, engazenzi inyani, enobulungisa kwaye inenceba, kuba akukho mbali injalo. Ayenzelwanga ukuthomalalisa ookumkani nabalawuli, kananjalo ayizimiselanga kubaqhatha oonobhanki, okanye iNkomfa ye-Episcopal, okanye indawo yamafanasini, okanye ifilatelic, okanye imibutho yabasebenzi.

Lo ngumsebenzi okwaziyo ukufundisa, ukwazisa kunye nokonwabisa kwiindawo ezilinganayo, ezibhalwe ngendlela engathandabuzekiyo efundisayo ka-Eslava Galán, apho ibali leziganeko ezikhulu zongezwa kuleyo ye-anecdotes ezinomdla kakhulu nezingaziwayo zabalinganiswa abaphambili kwimbali yethu . Kuyo yonke into, umsebenzi awunakuphoswa.

Abantu abangcatshwayo, nguPaul preston

Ngokunikwa iinkcukacha zamaxesha ahlukeneyo eSpain, uPaul Preston uthatha ikeyiki kuleya tinderbox yayiyinkulungwane yamashumi amabini yaseSpain eyayizama ukuqonda iingcambu phakathi kokungcatsha, ubukrwada nentiyo enamandla, mhlawumbi eyayizalwa ziintlekele zekoloniyali yenkulungwane edlulileyo kwaye ukukhula phakathi kwentlungu yabo.

Xa kwakubhalwa u-Lazarillo de Tormes, ubuchwephesha bokukhula kweSpain, loo mxube phakathi kwendlela yokuphila kunye neminqweno yazo zonke i-botarate ezibandakanyeka kwiregidor okanye kwezopolitiko, yayisandula ukugwetywa.

Ayikuko ukuba bonke babekhona, kodwa phakathi kwabo bonke abo bafikelela emandleni, uninzi lwabalinganiswa besikhokelo, baphola ngenxa yeenkulungwane ezininzi kamva ngobuyatha Intlambo yaseIncln. Umbukeli onobuqili kunye nomlobi onobuchule obunjengaye uPaul Preston ngokuqinisekileyo uya kumangaliswa kukususwa kwempumelelo kwezikhokelo ezininzi ezikrelekrele ngokuthanda iichubps zesyphophantic abathi phantse rhoqo, njengakwiinoveli ezimnyama, baphele bephumelela.

Kwincwadi ebanzi ebhaliweyo yalo mbhali wesiNgesi, lo mqulu usebenza njengokudibanisa okanye ubuncinci njengokudityaniswa kwamabali afanelekileyo kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX ephawulwe ubukhulu becala nguzwilakhe okanye urhwaphilizo kwaye nangona oku kugqithile kwizona ndawo zikude ze ezopolitiko, ezandleni zokungabikho kwimeko ezininzi. Nangona ekugqibeleni kulandela ukuba kwakungekho lula ukungabinako kodwa ukukhonza kubantu abakhethiweyo apho amaqela omabini aqhubeka khona ngokuzithemba.

Obo kukungcatsha okukhulu, ukugcinwa kwezibabalo ezinikezelwa njengesikhokelo esisigxina, isiko elonakalisayo eliguqula abezopolitiko ngakumbi kunabahanahanisi ukuba babe ngabagxeki abangazange bajonge iimfuno zoluntu ngaphaya kwesiseko esisezantsi soloko boyiswa ziindidi ezithandwayo. Kodwa ke, konke oku kukuthathwa kwam kwibali le-aseptic eligxile kwiinyani ukuze ngumfundi ogqiba ukugweba nokuthobela ukugxekwa.

Ezinye iincwadi ezinomdla kwimbali yaseSpain ...

Invention yaseSpain, nguHenry Kamen

Ndiyasithanda esi sihloko kuba ewe, kufuneka siqaphele ukuba iSpain yinto eyenziweyo, iyakhiwa. Ngendlela efanayo neJamani okanye iChina. Ngenxa yokuba kukho kuphela i-pangea endala esasazeka phakathi kweelwandle ngokuthanda kwamacwecwe etektoni. Umbuzo ngowentando yokufuna ukuba ngowakho, ukuhlala kumhlaba omnye okanye ukubandakanyeka kumaphupha okuphuhla phantsi koqoqosho lokuchuma okufezekisiweyo kwizihlandlo ezininzi ukusuka kwilungelo lokungcungcuthekiswa ngokukodwa kuxhamle ukwahlulwa, kungabikho mntu wumbi.

Izizwe azizalwanga: ziyavela kwaye ziyadalwa, zivela kwimizabalazo kunye nethemba kwaye ziyaqhubeka zibulela kwinkalipho yabantu bazo. Ngokwenyani yokwenyani, "zenziwe", kwaye kungengenxa yokuba ziphefumlelwe bubuxoki, kodwa ngenxa yokuba zinqwenela inyani, kuba bekusoloko kukho ezinye iindlela eziphikisanayo nezingqubanayo ezinegalelo ekudaleni ilizwe. Le ncwadi kukuhlalutya ezinye zeembono ezizezinye eziye zanceda ekuhambeni kwexesha ukubona kwethu iSpain. Imibono ihlala ikhuthazwa ziingcinga kunye nokugqwetha okunokuthi kuhamba kunye nabo, ekufuneka kuqondwe kwaye kuchazwe, endaweni yokwaliwa.