Xa kubonisiwe ukuba uguquko luya kuba lolwabasetyhini okanye hayi, inani le UHannah Arendt Ima ngobunzulu bendima ebalulekileyo. Ikakhulu isibeka kwikamva lenkulungwane yama-20, i-paradigm yamandla aguqukayo akhohlakeleyo olawulo olupheleleyo kulo naliphi na ixesha elizayo. Nangakumbi ngoku njengoko sizibhaqa sintyumpantyumpeka kumanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe olungabonakali ncam njengesisombululo kubo nabuphi na ububi...
Ngokuqinisekileyo, nangaliphi na elinye ixesha uArendt ngewayenikezele kwifilosofi. Kodwa ukuqondana kwezinto kuphelela ekubonakaliseni ubunyani xa umntu ofana noHana waya kwimishini yokufumana incwadi yakhe. Ithala leencwadi elikhulu eligqibe ngokushwankathela ifilosofi kunye nezopolitiko ngokubanzi. Okanye ubuncinci njengemigca efanayo yomsebenzi ongenakonakala.
Ukulandela umendo we UThomas Mann owayesele ekhala e-United States ngokuchasene neNazi ukususela ekuthunjweni kwakhe kwi-1940, u-Hannah Arendt wakwazi ukufikelela eNew York ngokuphindwe kabini etshutshiswa njengomYuda nanjengengcamango ekhulayo. Ukuzinza kweli hlabathi litsha lokukhulula kumaYuda amaninzi, uHannah Arendt wabhala yonke imisebenzi yakhe emikhulu phakathi kwe-50 kunye ne-60s.
Iincwadi ezi-3 eziphakanyisiweyo zikaHannah Arendt
Inkululeko yokukhululeka
Ukurhanela ukwahlukana kuhlala kukho. Uluvo lokuba amandla okukhetha aya esinyanzelwa kuthi yinto eqinisekileyo efihliweyo njengezichasi, kwelinye icala, nazo ziyimfuneko ekuhlaleni ngoxolo. Kodwa yile nkululeko ikwajongana neminye imiba emininzi engaphaya kobuntu obuzimeleyo apho sizabalazela khona ...
Yintoni inkululeko kwaye ithetha ntoni kuthi? Ngaba iquka kuphela ukungabikho koloyiko kunye nezithintelo, okanye ngaba ikwathetha ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zentlalo, ngelizwi lakho lezopolitiko, ukuviwa, ukwamkelwa kwaye ekugqibeleni kukhunjulwe ngabanye?
Ipapashwe e-United States kwiminyaka engamashumi amathandathu kodwa ayipapashwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ngeSpanish -kwesiJamani-, esi sincoko sibonisa ubungqongqo kunye namandla eengcinga zikaHana Arendt kwezopolitiko kunye nokuchaneka ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokulawula ukubonakalisa kwakhe inkululeko, ubunzulu obukhulu kwaye ukwazi ukudibanisa ngendlela emangalisayo nemiceli mngeni kunye neengozi zexesha lethu.
U-Arendt ulanda uphuhliso lwembali lwengcinga yenkululeko, ngakumbi ethathela ingqalelo iinguqulelo zaseFransi naseMelika. Ngelixa eyokuqala yayiyinguqu kwiMbali, kodwa yaphela ngentlekele, enye yaba yimpumelelo eyoyisayo, kodwa yahlala ingumcimbi wendawo. Ukucinga kwakhona ngombono wenguquko sele kunyanzelekile namhlanje, kwaye oku kudityaniswa kwakhona noHannah Arendt kubonisa impembelelo eyimfuneko kwizizukulwana ezitsha.
Eichmann eYerusalem
Kuthekani ngobulungisa xa kulawula uloyiko? Ukuqothuka kwizithunzi zezinto eziseleyo zokuziphatha okanye ukuguqulwa kwisishwankathelo sezilingo apho ukufa kusisigwebo kuphela. Ukufumana kwakhona ukholo kubulungisa akukho lula xa uthe wanyamalala ixesha elide kunye namaxhoba amaninzi.
Emva kwetyala elathi ngo-1961 laqhutywa ngokuchasene no-Adolf Eichmann, u-lieutenant colonel we-SS kunye nomnye wabaphuli-mthetho abaphambili embalini, u-Hannah Arendt ufunda kule ncoko oonobangela abakhokelele ku-Holocaust kunye nendima abayidlalayo kwindyikityha yokufa. Amabhunga amaJuda-umba owawuthi, ngexesha lawo, ube ngumxholo wengxabano enomsindo- kunye nendalo kunye nokusebenza kobulungisa, into ekhokelela ekubeni aphakamise isidingo sokuseka inkundla yamazwe aphesheya ekwaziyo ukuzama ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokuchasene noluntu .
Kancinci kancinci, amehlo ka-Arendt athambileyo atyhila ubuntu bomtyholwa, ahlalutye imeko yakhe kwezentlalo nakwezopolitiko kunye nobungqongqo bakhe obungenamposiso xa wayeququzelela ukugxothwa nokupheliswa kwamaYuda. Kwangelo xesha, isithandi sobulumko saseJamani sifunde ukusebenzisana okanye ukungavumi ekusetyenzisweni kweSisombululo sokuGqibela ngamanye amazwe ahleliyo kwaye siveze iingxaki ezinokubaluleka kwazo okuqhubekayo ukumisela imeko yezopolitiko namhlanje.
Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu emva kokupapashwa kwayo, Eichmann eYerusalem Ihlala sesinye sezona zifundo zibalaseleyo kwi-Holocaust, isincoko esingenakumiswa ukuze siqonde ukuba ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo yayiyintlekele enkulu yenkulungwane yama-XNUMX.
Imvelaphi yobuzwilakhe
Ngamanye amaxesha, xa sijonga iMbali, kukhangeleka ngathi ubuzwilakhe bufakelwe kwilizwe lonke ngamanye amaxesha, kubonakala ngathi "ngabantu" abakhangela eso sandla siqinileyo sibambekayo kwaye esenza iiprojekthi zobumnyama ngakumbi kunokoyika ixesha elibi . Ukuphikisana komntu kuphelela ekuboniseni loo mbono.
Kwincwadi ethi Imvelaphi yoBuzwilakhe uHannah Arendt utyhila izinto ezingekho mthethweni kwimbali yaseYurophu ezilungiselele ukubakho kwento yoozwilakhe kwaye zibonakalisa amaziko, iingcinga kunye nokusebenza koorhulumente bakaStalinist noHitler.
Inxalenye yokuqala -Antisemitism- inikezelwe kunyuko kunye nokwanda kuyo yonke inkulungwane ye-1914 yeengcinga eziya kuthi ekugqibeleni zibe ngunobangela wentshukumo yamaNazi, ngelixa i-Imperialism yesibini- ihlalutya i-genesis kunye neempawu ze-impiriyalizim zaseYurophu ukusukela ukuphela Inkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Inkulungwane ye-XNUMX de kwafika iMfazwe Enkulu yowe-XNUMX, kunye neyesithathu- ubungqongqo- inikezelwe kuhlalutyo lobuzwilakhe bamaNazi nabaseSoviet hayi "njengembambano yolawulo lozwilakhe lwangaphambili", kodwa "ngokwembali yabo egqibeleleyo" njengoko uSalvador Giner ecacisa kwintshayelelo yakhe kolu hlelo kumthamo wale klasiki yefilosofi yokuziphatha kwezopolitiko.
