Iincwadi ezi-3 eziphezulu zikaDavid Graeber

Ukuze i-anthropologist ithathe isigqibo malunga ne-anarchism yinto efana nokuqwalasela ukuba yonke into ilahlekile. UDavid Graeber wachaza ukuba akukho hlobo lorhulumente lunokwenzeka kuluntu kuluntu, kunye nombono oqikelelwa ukuba uphelele apho i-anthropology ikhomba kwindlela yokuziphatha komntu. Singagqiba ke ukuba idemokhrasi imbi ngakumbi kunentetho ethi iyeyona imbi kwiinkqubo zombutho wentlalontle.

UGraeber usenokuba wayechanile malunga nenyaniso yokuba ngoku sibonakala sizithoba kulawulo lobuzwilakhe oluphantsi komhlaba lweenkqubo kwezoqoqosho oligarchic phantsi kwengubo yamathuba alinganayo kunye nezinye iziqulathi. Nokuba isiphithiphithi esinjalo sithetha ukulungisa yonke into ukuya kuhlobo oluthile lokulingana, ndiyathandabuza. Ukuba kwisiphithiphithi, kungekho mithetho ngaphandle kwethemba lobubele kunye nethamsanqa, kunokubakho ukoyisa kweeparadigms zakudala ezingaphumelelanga, mhlawumbi.

Inqaku lelokuba uGraeber wayengekho njenge-anarchist njengoko ipeyintiwe. Kodwa ke wayenayo into endingayaziyo ukuba yeyiphi imbono eneziphakamiso ezitsha kunye neendlela ezinomdla ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Le yindlela iincwadi zakhe eziqala ngayo, elona lifa lakhe libalaseleyo...

Iincwadi ezi-3 eziPhakamileyo eziCetyisiweyo nguDavid Graeber

KwiTyala: Imbali engenye yezoQoqosho

Inkqubo yamatyala kwinqanaba le-macroeconomic yinto efana nenzonzobila phezu kwentsomi. Imali ayinanto kwaye izindlu zamakhadi oqoqosho lwehlabathi zakhiwe kuloo nto. Ngubani owazi ngcono indlela yokuthengisa isithuthuthu sakhe uya kuba namandla amaninzi okuboleka. Lo mba une-macroludopathy ethile. Kwaye okwangoku, izinto ezibalulekileyo ezinje ngentlalontle yakhelwe kwiintsomi ezinje...

Yonke incwadi yezoqoqosho yenza into efanayo: imali yayilwa ukusombulula ubunzima obukhulayo beenkqubo zokutshintshiselana. Olu guqulelo lwebali lunengxaki enkulu: akukho bungqina bokuxhasa.

UGraeber uveza enye imbali kwinkangeleko yemali kunye neemarike, kwaye uhlalutya indlela ityala elihambe ngayo ukusuka ekubeni luxanduva lwezoqoqosho ukuya kwisibophelelo sokuziphatha. Ukususela ekuqaleni kobukhosi bokuqala bezolimo, abantu baye basebenzisa iinkqubo zetyala ezicokisekileyo ukuthenga nokuthengisa iimpahla, kwanangaphambi kokusungulwa kwemali. Kunamhlanje, emva kwamawaka amahlanu eminyaka, xa okokuqala sizifumana siphambi koluntu olwahlulelene phakathi kwabanamatyala kunye nababolekisi, kunye namaziko amiswe ngentando eyodwa yokukhusela ababolekisi.

KwiTyala yimbali enika umdla nefanelekileyo eqhawula iimbono ezizinziswe kwiingqondo zethu esihlangeneyo kwaye isibonisa isimo sengqondo esingacacanga esikhoyo malunga namatyala, njengenjini yokukhula koqoqosho okanye njengesixhobo sengcinezelo.

KwiTyala: Imbali engenye yezoQoqosho

Shit Imisebenzi: Ithiyori

Ukufumana isonka sakho ngokubila kwebunzi lakho yayisisisongelo esipheleleyo. Into ezakhelwe phezu kwayo zonke iinkqubo zexesha elidlulileyo nezexesha elizayo. Umzabalazo wodidi awunakuphela, nasemva kokuseka amalungelo emva kwentlekele yabasebenzi yeNguquko yezoShishino. Ukuba ayisetyenziswanga apha, iyaxhatshazwa khona. Ukuba ayinakusetyenziswa gadalala ngokuthe ngqo, inokwenziwa ngendlela engacacanga kangako.

Ukufumana loo msebenzi uhloniphekileyo okhomba ekuzifezekiseni kubonakala ngathi yi-chimera kwiimeko ezininzi. Iinzame, ukuziphucula kunye namandla okushishina akusoloko kunengqiqo xa kukho izakhono ezingalinganiyo, ukuthengiswa kweenkqubo zemfundo zabucala kunye neminye imiqobo ekhula mihla le.

Kwaye kukho umbuzo wesigidi seedola malunga nentsingiselo yokwenyani yomsebenzi njengomqolo woluntu, kwaye uDavid wayekwezi, efuna iimpendulo ...

Ngaba umsebenzi wakho uyavakala eluntwini? Ngentwasahlobo ka-2013, uDavid Graeber wabuza lo mbuzo kwisincoko esidlalayo nesivuselelayo esinesihloko esithi "Kwi-Phenomenon of Shitty Jobs." Inqaku liye lasasazeka. Emva kwesigidi seembono kwi-intanethi ngeelwimi ezilishumi elinesixhenxe ezahlukeneyo, abantu basaxoxa ngempendulo.

Kukho izigidi zabantu - abacebisi bezibonelelo zabasebenzi, abaququzeleli bonxibelelwano, abaphandi be-telemarketing, amagqwetha eenkampani ... - abamisebenzi yabo ayinamsebenzi, kwaye bayayazi. Aba bantu babambekile kwimisebenzi emdaka. Ulibale uPiketty okanye uMarx; NguGraeber, enye yeengcali zenzululwazi ngembali yabantu kunye namatsha ntliziyo anempembelelo namhlanje, othetha ngokuphandle nangokucacileyo ukuba uninzi lwento eyenziwayo kuqoqosho lobukhoboka bomvuzo luhlobo lwengqesho olungenantsingiselo, olungeyomfuneko, okanye oluyingozi kangangokuba nkqu nomsebenzi akabinamsebenzi. ngokwakhe uyakwazi ukubuthethelela ubukho bakhe, yaye phezu kwako nje oku uziva enyanzelekile ukuba enze ngathi oku akunjalo.

I-critique yentlalo elandelwa yile ncwadi yomelele kwaye ibukhali, ngakumbi xa izisa iindidi ezicokisekileyo ezifana "nemisebenzi enqabileyo," abaqeshwa abathile abayenzayo, bathi, ukugcina oomatshini abadala beqhuba kwaye basindise inkampani ekuthengeni oomatshini abatsha. Akunjalo ngaphandle kwengqiqo yayo, kuba, njengoko u-Orwell watshoyo, "abantu abaxakekileyo besebenza, nakwimisebenzi engenamsebenzi kwaphela, abanalo ixesha lokwenza enye into." Ke, njengoko uGraeber equkumbela, into esinayo yishit esisigxina.

Shit Imisebenzi: Ithiyori

UKusa Kwento Yonke: Ibali Elitsha Lomntu

Ngaba siyavela okanye siyabandakanyeka? Ngamanye amaxesha kunzima ukwazi ukuba ukudlula kwethu kwihlabathi kuthetha ukuqhubela phambili kwinto enentsingiselo enkulu kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokudibanisa, ubumbano, ukulingana ...

Izizukulwana ngezizukulwana siye sabona ookhokho bethu abakude njengabadala, abangenalwazi nabanobundlobongela. Siye saxelelwa ukuba kwakunokwenzeka kuphela ukuzuza impucuko ngokuncama inkululeko okanye ngokulawula ithuku lethu. Kwesi sincoko, iingcali zenzululwazi ngendalo uDavid Graeber kunye noDavid Wengrow babonisa ukuba ezi ngcinga, ezathi zavela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, yayiyindlela yokusabela eluntwini yaseYurophu ekugxekeni iinkcuba-buchopho zomthonyama kwaye abanaso isiqinisekiso se-anthropological kunye ne-archaeological.

Ekulandeleni le ngcamango yobuxoki, le ncwadi ithi iindawo zokuhlala zangaphambili zaziguquguquka kakhulu kunokuba bekucingelwa; indlela echitha awona mabali asisiseko aneengcambu, ukusuka kuphuhliso lwezixeko ukuya kwimvelaphi kaRhulumente, ukungalingani okanye idemokhrasi.

Ukusa kwayo yonke into yimbali entsha yobuntu, isicatshulwa sokulwa esiguqula ukuqonda kwethu kwexesha elidlulileyo kwaye sivule indlela yokucinga ngeendlela ezintsha zombutho wentlalo. Umsebenzi omkhulu obuza iimbono zabantu abacinga njengoJared Diamond, uFrancis Fukuyama kunye noYuval Noah Harari. Ngenxa yokuba ukucinga ukuba uluntu luba ngaphantsi kokulingana kwaye lukhululekile njengoko luba nzima ngakumbi kwaye "impucuko" ayikho into engaphezu kwentsomi.

UKusa Kwento Yonke: Ibali Elitsha Lomntu
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