Uhlobo lohlobo kukho ii-symmetries ezithile phakathi koncwadi lwesiTaliyane kunye Ispanish. Iya kuba yinto ekwabelwana ngayo kwiMeditera, ye-idiosyncrasy ephindwe kumacala omabini onxweme olusentshona yeMare Nostrum. Ukufana kuqondwa ngcono ukusuka kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX apho i-symbiosis yenkcubeko ifumana indawo enkulu yokuhlala phakathi kwababhekisa kwelinye icala nakwelinye. Ukusukela oko UVazquez Montalban kunye noCamilleri ukuya kuJosé Luis Sampedro kunye no-Italo Calvino.
Ababhali abaninzi bafumana i-synergies engaphezulu okanye engaphantsi kwesiqhelo kumacala omabini. Kwaye ukukholelwa kwiziganeko ngumcimbi wokholo olukhulu. Ke kumfundi oneembekiselo zeSpanish ezibekwe phezulu, ungonwabela ababalisi base-Italiya kwelinye icala lesipili.
Kwenzeka ngomculo okanye nangabuphi na obunye ubugcisa. Iimpembelelo zihlala, kwimeko yokuqala, ezo ziphuma ngokoqobo kwi-telluric, ukusuka kwindawo yendawo, ukusuka kwimozulu kunye nokukhanya. Ngaphandle kokuhlala kwamkelwe kunye neempembelelo eziyimfuneko ezivela kwezinye iindawo, ubugcisa bugcina idiosyncrasy njenge-sonata yangasemva eshukumisa nawuphi na umsebenzi.
Masiye apho kunye nabo babhali baseItali bahlangulwe kule ndawo. Ndikhe ndaphawula ngayo ngamaxesha amaninzi kodwa ndiyayikhumbula kwakhona, indawo endihlala kuyo yendalo yiXNUMXth kunye neXNUMXst century. Ukunqanda ukuxulutywa ngamatye kwezona zinto ziqhelekileyo kunye nee purists zale ndawo…
Abaphezulu be-10 abacetyiswayo ababhali baseTaliyane
Umberto Echo
Kuphela sisemiyadiali eqhubekayo enokubhala iinoveli ezimbini ezinjengeFoucault's Pendulum okanye Isiqithi somhla ongaphambi kwaye ungatshabalali kumzamo. Umberto Echo Wayesazi okuninzi ngonxibelelwano kunye neesimbali kwimbali yoluntu, kangangokuba waphela esasaza ubulumko kuyo yonke indawo kwezi ncwadi zimbini ziyintsingiselo ekufikelelweni kokugqibela kwentsingiselo yomntu.
Ekuqaleni (kwaye nakubafundi abaninzi ekugqibeleni), banokubonakala ngathi ziinoveli ezixinene kakhulu, apho imfihlo enika umdla iza kutyhilwa ifakwe ngaphakathi kodwa loo nkqubela icotha kakhulu, iphonononga iinkcukacha ezibaleka umfundi oqhelekileyo engenamdla kubunzulu bethiyori.
Ngoku lo mbhali usishiyile, sinokumkhumbula. Ilifa lakhe lithathiwe Dan Brown o Javier Sierra Kwipanorama yesizwe, ukubiza iindlalifa ezimbini ezifanelekileyo. Kodwa, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kuyo, akukho namnye wababhali beemfihlakalo abakhoyo ngoku abanenqanaba lobulumko malunga neemfihlakalo ezinkulu ezisichaphazelayo njengempucuko.
Umberto Eco ukwabhale isincoko sobuntu nefilosofiNjengonjingalwazi olungileyo awayenguye. Nokuba ujongana noncwadi olungeyonyani okanye izihloko zokwenyani, i-Eco ibisoloko ikwazi ukonwabisa izigidi zabafundi. Kwaye nali igugu lakho:
UItalo Calvin
Umbutho owahlulayo okanye ubugcisa bombhali ngokuqinisekileyo lolona lukhulu kuzo zonke. Ukufumanisa ukuba ufuna ukuxelela into kwaye ngaphezulu okanye kancinci uyazi ukuba ungayithetha njani yeyona ndlela iyiyo yokuba ngumbhali. Yonke enye into ibonakala kum, ngokunyanisekileyo ayisebenzi. Mva nje ndibona uhlobo "lwezikolo zokubhala" lusanda, njengoko utat'omkhulu we-curmudgeon angathi: injakazi, akukho nto iyenye.
Konke oku kuza, nangona kungenjalo kakhulu, kukuba enye yezona zinkulu njenge UItalo Calvin Iqinisekisa ubuninzi obenziwa ngumbhali, kodwa uyazenza. Ayikho enye into oyifundise ngokwakho ngaphandle kokubhala nje kuba. Ukuba ufuna izixhobo okanye izimvo, ukuba ufuna inkxaso okanye ukomeleza, zinikezele kwenye into.
Ewe nditshilo kanene omnye wabantu abakhulu, u-Italo Calvino, ngekhe acinge ngokuba ngumbhali xa wayefunda ubunjineli, njengoyise. Kuphela emva kwexesha, emva kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, wafumana indawo njengentatheli ephucukileyo kwangaxeshanye waba nomdla kuLwazi loncwadi.
Zimbini iiCalvinos, nokuba zintathu okanye zine (ndithatha owesibini). Kuqala wayefuna ukubonisa ubunyani bemfazwe nasemva kwemfazwe. Into eqhelekileyo ekukhanyeni kwenyani eyoyikisayo. Kodwa emva kweminyaka wayeza kufumana eyona ndlela iphumeleleyo: intelekelelo, isifaniso, intle ...
Kude kube naye sele ediniwe yile ndlela intle kangaka kwaye aphele ngokuziqhelanisa, ekufuneka kuyile nto siyishiyileyo njengoko sisondela esiphelweni kwaye sifumanisa yonke inkohliso. Ukubuyela kwisincoko nakwintlalo njengesiqhelo sokufunda kuvale iminyaka yakhe yoncwadi ngaphambi kokubetha okwamgqibela ngo-1985.
UAndrea Camilleri
Inkosi yaseNtaliyane UAndrea Camilleri wayengomnye wababhali abazalise amawaka amaphepha enkosi ngenkxaso yabafundi bakhe kwihlabathi liphela. Iqale ukuvela nge-90s, inyani ebonisa ukuba unyamezelo kunye nokubhala ngokwasemsebenzini njengesiseko sokuphila kwabo ixesha elide kubalulekile kumnyama kumhlophe.
En omnye wemisebenzi yakhe yokugqibela, SukundibambaU-Andrea uqhubeke nokubonisa ukuba indawo yolwakhiwo lwamapolisa amnyama nokuba sele ekhulile. Isidima esiqeqeshwe kakuhle sibonakala sikunye nawe ngamaxesha onke. Iseti yakhe yeklasikhi, apho athi ngobuchule aphuhlise iiplothi zakhe ezimnyama, inzulu eSicily, nokuba kukwizithuba zokwenyani okanye eziyiliweyo, kodwa uhlala eneengcambu zesiqithi esikhulu sase-Italiya.
Apha ndishiya omnye weyona misebenzi yakhe yahlukileyo apho uCamilleri eshwankathela uburharha, kunye nencasa ethile ye-saltpeter yeMeditera, kunye nomboniso weso sipho singenakuphikiswa sokwakha amacebo okurhanelela ngokulula nokucaphukisayo. Umsebenzi omncinci wokufundisa nawuphi na umbhali ozihloniphayo:
UClaudio Magris
Phakathi kwababhali abanamava nabavunyiweyo base-Italiya, kugqame a UClaudio Magris Ube ngumbhali kunye nomva wayo yonke into, kunye nelayisenisi yokuba iminyaka yobudala inika abo baye badlala iikota kuzo zonke iintlobo zamadabi.
Kwimeko yokungabikho kwe UAndrea Camilleri wenza igunya elipheleleyo lengxelo yaseNtaliyane, uMagris uthatha i-trastros nangona engathathi nxaxheba kuhlobo olufanayo. Kuba umbuzo kuncwadi kukuba kusaqondwa ukuba umdala ulumke, njengakwixesha elidlulileyo emandleni ...
Ngoko ukujonga i-Magris bibliography sele sisenzo sokuhlonipha. Nangakumbi xa kufunyaniswe ukuba imiba yayo yentsomi kunye nengeyonyani idibana rhoqo njengamacandelo ezondlanayo, aqulunqa ijelo loncwadi kunye nenyaniso, yobuhle obusesikweni kodwa kunye nokuzinikela.
UMagris ngomnye wabo babhali batshintshanisa imisebenzi yakhe njengoko kuyimfuneko ukuya kolunye uncwadi olungonwabanga ngakumbi kumxholo kwaye lukhawuleza kwisondlo. Nanku umsebenzi okhethekileyo kaMagris:
UAlessandro Baricco
Uncwadi lwangoku lwase-Italiya lonwabela udidi oluncomekayo kubabhali bayo abaphambili. Ukusuka a U-Erri De Luca ukuba nanamhlanje kunqabile kuncwadi oluphuphuma ubuntununtunu kunye nemibono yenguqu, ukuya kuthi ga UCamilleri ayipheli kwindima yakhe njengomlawuli wenoveli yomcuphi kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho nkqu noyena mncinci njenge Savian, iyinyani kubunzulu boluntu, Moccia kwindima yakhe njengeyona nto iphambili kuhlobo lothando okanye oluthandekayo ULuca D'Andrea, into yakutshanje yoncwadi lwaseYurophu.
Phantse kwisizukulwana sifumana a UAlessandro Baricco kabani I-Biblography sele ifumana ubukhulu kwaye ikrinti yayo ibonelela ngolwahlulo olusemthethweni nolunomxholo onokuwuthanda ngakumbi okanye kancinci, kodwa oko kuphelela ekuwunikeni ngenqaku lokwahlula, ngophawu oludibanisa umsebenzi kunye nombhali kuba nguye kuphela osondela kumabali abo ngokungathi anga uhlobo lwabo.
Kuyinyani ukuba ngamanye amaxesha iincwadi zakhe zinokuba "zovavanyo" kakhulu, kodwa akuyonyani ukuba amandla akhe okumangala azisa ubutsha kunye nenjongo egqithileyo kwisitayile esithi, nangona yonke into, ilula kuye wonke umfundi. Nantsi enye yezona ncwadi zibalaseleyo zikaBaricco:
Natalia Ginzberg
Ifani uLevi inxulunyaniswa ngokukhawuleza e-Itali kunye nomzabalazo wokulwa ubu-fascist ukusuka kuncwadi ukuya kwezopolitiko. Kodwa inyani yile Natalia Ginzberg (Natalia Levi ngenene) ayinanto yakwenza nexesha lakhe, isiTaliyane esikunye naye kunye namaJuda Umzala kaLevi.
Lunjalo kanye olo ncwadi luye lwadala ithuba lokuhlangana kwabo ngamathuba athile. Kodwa ekugqibeleni ayibalulekanga. Akukho ntlantsi yavelayo kwaye kuyaziwa ukuba uNatalia wayilahla eminye yemisebenzi yakhe ngelixa wayesebenza kwindlu yokupapasha i-Einaudi.
Ke elowo walandela ikhondo lakhe kunye nobomi bakhe. Iikhonsepthi malunga nomsebenzi wokubhala kunye nobomi obuye baba yinto engenakunyibilika (njengembali kunye nokuzibophelela kwisikhalazo) kumaxesha anzima okuba bobabini babephila besebancinci.
Ngomthwalo wamaxesha anzima, uNatalia waba luhlobo lombhali lobungqina namhlanje obonakala ngathi ziinoveli zolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukufundwa kwahluke kakhulu kunoko kukhangelwa uvelwano nentando yokoyisa ezoyikekayo ngokuzithelekisa nophononongo lwangoku.
Kungenxa yokuba ngoku, ukufunda kukaNatalia kuvusa loo mvakalelo yokungaqheleki ekusondeleni okungenakuqondakala kwizilo ezinokuhlala kuthi njengabantu. Okwangoku, ngaxesha lithile, ukoyisa kubonwa njengamandla angenakuphikwa omntu, rhoqo.
UErri de Luca
Mhlawumbi kanye xa ukuhlangana kwenzala kumiselwe ngendlela yokuchonga umsebenzi wokuyila wababhali abaninzi abadibeneyo, ukonwaba okanye ulwazi oluncinci, kwiindlela ezikhoyo.
Inqaku kukuba namhlanje ababalisi bamabali ababini abavela kwii-50s, izikhombisi kwingxelo yase-Itali njenge UAlessandro Baricco y UErri de Luca Zijongeka njengeqanda kwi-chestnut. Kwaye ngokunyanisekileyo yinto enokubulela ngayo ngeli xesha wonke umntu ogqiba ukudala, ukupeyinta, ukuqamba umculo okanye ukubhala, malunga nendlela abafuna ngayo.
Omdala u-Erri De Luca uhlala eyigcinile loo ndawo yomculo eqaqambisa ngathi kukugqibezela ubungakanani obuncinci bezinto ezincinci, ekugxilwe kokufunda okwahluka ngathi kukusondeza ukubona izandla eziphulula okanye isenzo esifanayo embindini omkhulu isaqhwithi, kumafu amnyama anciphise inani labo bantu babini bajongana.
Ubizo loncwadi lukaErri asikuko ukuba yayiyinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Kodwa kurhwebo lombhali, ngamanye amaxesha ngokuchanekileyo, ukuqokelela amava, ukuzinikela kweminye imisebenzi ukugqiba ukunika ukholo i-posteriori yento ebikhe yaphila kunye nembonakalo kuyo yonke into ebonwayo, yonwatyelwa, eqondwayo okanye eqalekisiweyo. Nanku omnye wemisebenzi yakhe emihle:
USusanna Tamaro
Kukho uhlobo olutsha lwesiTaliyane itamaro. Kufana nokuba ngumfuziselo ofunyenwe kulo mbhali indawo entsha ekhoyo phakathi kwenyani ekufutshane neenyawo zethu kunye nokomoya owenziwe iphupha, iminqweno, iinkumbulo, amathemba. Kulo mlinganiso phakathi kweengoma kunye nesenzo, nayiphi na inoveli yalo mbhali ifikelela kwelo nqanaba kuphela kwi-beck yakhe kunye nomnxeba, njengehlabathi elitsha.
Ngenqaku elimangalisayo ngamanye amaxesha, kunye nempembelelo yalo mhlawumbi ukusuka kwi UItalo Calvin Umyili wamabali amafutshane, u-Susanna sele ethe kratya ibhibliyografi isikhokelela kweso nqumama kuncwadi oluza ngcono xa siphumla ukuze sifumane iinuances.
Inqaku kukuqala ngokufuna ukwazi okuyimfuneko kwaye ugqibe kwelokuba uthathe elo nqaku lombhali owahlukileyo osebeza amabali akhe ahamba phakathi kwemimoya ethambileyo yasehlotyeni, njengemisinga ye-melancholic okanye iingoma eziphumlayo, ezihlala zijikeleze uthando, ubomi, ukufa kunye nomphefumlo, ewe kunjalo. ukuba inokuba, yenziwe uncwadi olulula.
U-Elena Ferrante
Kwabaninzi akunakulindeleka, kwimida ephezulu, ukuba umntu ofezekise uzuko lomsebenzi wakhe angafuni kwaziwe, abeke iikhaphethi ezibomvu, enze udliwanondlebe, aye kwi-posh galas ... Kodwa kunjalo U-Elena Ferrante, ligama elikhuselayo lelinye leemfihlelo ezinkulu zoncwadi lwemihla yethu.
Umbhali (olunye uphando olusezantsi lubeka igama lokwenyani ekugqibeleni lilahliwe), le inshorensi iyonke isebenza njengesizathu sokubaliswa ngaphandle kokucamngca okanye ukunikezela. Nabani na othatha ulawulo lweFerrante uyakonwabela ukuba ngumdali ngaphandle kwezakhiwo okanye izinto ezingafunekiyo, ngaphandle kolo lwazi lokuzimela (ngakumbi okanye ngaphantsi kuncike kumbhali ngamnye) phakathi kwesazela kunye nombono wempembelelo yoko kubhaliweyo.
Sele ikhona iminyaka emininzi apho UFerrante ubhala iincwadi. Kwaye eyona nto inomdla kwityala lakhe kukuba kancinci kancinci ukuthanda kwakhe kuye kwachithwa lixabiso leenoveli zakhe. Kukho abo bahlala bezibuza ukuba ngubani uElena Ferrante? Kodwa abafundi basebenzise ngokupheleleyo ukungabeki buso nakubani na obhala kwelinye icala.
Ewe kunjalo, asinakugweba ukuba emva kwale nkqubo yokuhlela inigmatic uhlobo oluthile lwesicwangciso alufihlwanga ukuze kuvuswe umdla ... Ukuba bekunjalo, makungabikho mntu ukhohliswayo, into ebalulekileyo kukuba iinoveli zikaFerrante zilungile. Kwaye ukufundwa kakuhle akukaze kube yintsomi.
Kwaye ke umlingo owawusoloko ukufuna ekugqibeleni uveliswa UFerrante njengomntu okanye iprojekthi yeFerrante. Okusondeleyo kwaye kwangaxeshanye amabali amnandi asibeka phambi kweefoto ezibonakalayo zobukho, ngokujonga nzulu kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini umbhali abonakala ngathi unetyala kuyo, okanye apho inokuthi ilahleke. Amabali phantse ngalo lonke ixesha malunga nabasetyhini, abalinganiswa abaphambili bothando, ukukhathazeka kwentliziyo, inkanuko, impambano kunye nokuzabalaza.
UMaurizio de Giovanni
El I-noir yase-Italiya, ngoko ngokuhambelana neSpanish kwimvelaphi yayo yesiLatini kunye neenduli ezijolise kurhwaphilizo kunye ne-mafias efakwe kuwo onke amanqanaba, uya kuhlala uphoswa ngumfanekiso onje. UCamilleri.
Kwaye kunjalo, enkosi kumbhali onje UMaurizio de GiovanniLoo ncasa yoncwadi lolwaphulo-mthetho iya kuhlala isebenza kwinkalo yophando lwamapolisa, phantsi kwetywina layo elithile, igcina ezo pateni zababhali abakhulu bamapolisa besiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yama-XNUMX.
Ngeso siphumo sokungena kuwo onke amanqanaba ezentlalo nezopolitiko ngokubhekiselele kurhwaphilizo olukwazi ukukhokelela kulwaphulo-mthetho, u-de Giovanni ukwasazisa kubalinganiswa bakhe bezithixo ukuba inoveli emva kwenoveli isinika elo lizwe langaphantsi apho inyaniso igcinwa khona. Phantse rhoqo ngeqonga laseNaples, isixeko esizaliswe ngamakhubalo amaninzi njengeentsomi nembali emnyama.
Izithuba ekwabelwana ngazo kuwo onke amanqwanqwa oluntu apho amabhongo, inkanuko, umnqweno waso nasiphi na isabelo samandla kunye nokungcatshwa zigqibezela ukuvela ngamaxesha athile nomthwalo wazo okrwada wokunxulunyaniswa neembali zokwenyani ezithi ngamaxesha athile zibe neendaba.
Ayiyiyo yonke imveliso yakhe yenoveli efikile kwilizwe lethu. Kodwa ibali ngalinye elitsha elifikayo liyamqinisekisa njengombhali osisiseko kubathandi bamapolisa ngela mvandedwa ilukhuni evuselela iimvakalelo ezibukhali.
Inqaku eli-1 malunga "Ababhali abali-10 ababalaseleyo baseTaliyane"