Ababhali be-10 ababalaseleyo baseFransi

Inyani yeyokuba ibali lesiFrentshi lilawula uninzi lwabona babalisi abakhulu kunye nababalisi behlabathi. Ukususela izolo nanamhlanje. Ngaphandle kokuba ukwindawo yesixhenxe okanye yesibhozo phakathi kwezona lwimi zithethwa kakhulu kwihlabathi, ukuchukumiseka kolwimi lwesiFrentshi bekusoloko kutsala abafundi abaninzi. Kodwa akukho nto iya kuba yolu ncwadi lwesiFrentshi ngaphandle kwababhali bayo abakhulu. Ukusukela oko UVictor Hugo o UAlexander dumas phezulu Umqungcq, inkitha yababhali baseFrentshi banikela ngemisebenzi esele isetyenziswa kwihlabathi liphela.

Kuyinyani ukuba kukhetho lwam lwe ababhali ababalaseleyo belizwe ngalinye Ndihlala ndijonge kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX kunye neyama-XNUMX, ubukhulu becala ndihlangula umbhali othile kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Imalunga nokukhetha kwindawo yokujonga ngokuzimeleyo ngokusondele ngakumbi kweelwimi, kunjalo. Kodwa eyona nto kukuba, ukuba sifumana ii-purists, sesiphi isifundiswa esinobuganga bokukhomba uJules Verne njengongcono kuneProust kwaye usekwe kwintoni...?

Ke, ukuba ukusuka kwinqanaba elisemthethweni okanye lezemfundo akunakwenzeka ukuphawula okona kulungileyo, kufuneka sibe ngabalandeli abalula abazisungulayo ukuba baveze ngokubhekiselele kwizinto ezithandwayo. Nanku ndishiya okwam. Ukhetho lwento kum ishumi eliphezulu elinababhali ababalaseleyo eFransi.

I-10 ephezulu ecetyiswayo ngababhali baseFransi

Alexander Dumas. I-adventure ebalulekileyo

Kum, umfundi oqhelekileyo woncwadi lwangoku, nawuphi na umbhali odlulileyo uqala ngokungalunganga. Ngaphandle kwimeko kaAlexandre Dumas. Ukubalwa kwakhe kwe-Monte Cristo kuthelekiswa no-Quixote kuphela, ukongeza, imvelaphi yakhe emnyama ejikeleze ukuziphindezela, amashwa, ukubetha kwentliziyo, ikamva kunye nayo nayiphi na enye into ekhomba kwi-epic evela kwimiba engafaniyo njengoko i-adventure yenza uhambo lobomi ukuya kwiinkalo zobuntu obukhulu. ubunzulu.

Kodwa kukuba, ukongeza koku kukhankanywe ngasentla kukho omnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo. Zonke zivele kwinqindi, ileta kunye nosiba lwalo mbhali wehlabathi jikelele. UAlexander dumas Baqulunqa i-Count of Monte Cristo kunye neeMusketeers ezi-3. Le misebenzi mibini, kunye nokuba kamva kuza malunga nala mabalinganiswa, ibeka iiDumas phezulu kubadali boncwadi. Ewe kunjalo, njengoko kuhlala kunjalo, Umsebenzi ka-Alexander Dumas Inabile ngakumbi, ineencwadi ezingaphezu kwama-60 ezipapashiweyo ezahlukeneyo. Inoveli, imidlalo yeqonga okanye isincoko, akukho nto yaphuncuka kwipeni yakhe.

IYurophu phakathi kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba yahlulwa ngokupheleleyo ngokwamacandelo, esele iphawulwe ngokuthe ngqo ngoqoqosho olungaphaya kwezihloko, izinyanya kunye nomtya oxhomekeke kuhlobo oluthile "lobukhoboka." Ubukhoboka obutsha yayilutshintsho olunamandla kwimizi-mveliso, umatshini okhulayo. Indaleko ibingenakuthinteleka kwaye ukungalingani bekudume kwizixeko ezikhulu zokungenisa zabemi abaninzi nangakumbi. UDumas wayengumbhali ozinikeleyo, webali elithandwayo, ngamayelenqe amnandi kunye nenjongo yokusasaza okuhle nokubi, kodwa uhlala unendawo yokugxekwa.

Ityala elinolunye uhlelo lwamva nje lwe "The Count of Monte Cristo":

UJulio Verne. kakhulu kunentelekelelo

I-Adventure kunye nefantasy ehambelana nehlabathi ekumjikelo wesimanje njengenguqu engaqhelekanga emva kokungafihli, iintsomi zakudala kunye neenkolelo ezihambelana kancinci nehlabathi elizayo. UJules Verne ngoyena mbhali wembali yotshintsho lwexesha ukusuka kwindawo entle yokujonga esebenza njengesikweko kunye ne-hyperbole.

Jules Verne kwavela njengomnye wabanduleli bohlobo lwenzululwazi. Ngaphaya kwemibongo yakhe kunye nokungena kwakhe kwimidlalo yeqonga, umlinganiso wakhe wenza indlela kwaye wagqitha kwada kwanamhlanje kwicala lalowo ubalisayo esiya kwimida yelizwe elaziwayo kunye nemida yomntu. Uncwadi njengolonwabo kunye nokunxanelwa ulwazi.

Kwindawo yokuhlala yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba yombhali, ilizwe lahamba ngengqondo evuselelayo yanamhlanje ephumeleleyo enkosi KwiShishini loPhuculo. Oomatshini kunye noomatshini abaninzi, izixhobo ezenziwe ngoomatshini ezikwazi ukunciphisa umsebenzi kwaye zihamba ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kwindawo enye ukuya kwenye, kodwa kwangaxeshanye umhlaba ubusecaleni kwawo, ungaziwa ngokupheleleyo yisayensi. Apho kungekho mntu-mhlaba bekukho indawo enkulu Ukudalwa koncwadi lukaJules Verne. Umoya wokuhamba kunye nomphefumlo ongazinzanga, uJules Verne wayeyimbekiselo yokuba kuninzi okwakusafuneka ukwazi.

Sonke sifunde into kaJules Verne, ukususela kwiminyaka emncinci kakhulu okanye sele sele ekhulile. Lo mbhali uhlala enenqaku elicebisayo kuyo nayiphi na iminyaka kunye nemixholo yazo zonke izinto ezithandayo.

UVictor Hugo. i-epic yomphefumlo

Umbhali othanda UVictor Hugo uba sisalathiso esisisiseko ukubona ihlabathi phantsi kwaloo prism yothando eqhelekileyo yexesha lakhe. Umbono wehlabathi ohamba phakathi kwe-esoteric kunye nesimanje, ixesha apho oomatshini bavelisa ubutyebi bezoshishino kunye nosizi kwizixeko ezixineneyo. Ixesha apho kwakwezo zixeko zinye zazihlala kubungangamsha boohlohlesakhe abatsha kunye nobumnyama bodidi lwabasebenzi abathi ezinye izangqa zaziceba iinzame ezithe gqolo zokuguqula uluntu.

Ukwahlula oko UVictor Hugo wayesazi ukuba afake njani kwimisebenzi yakhe yoncwadi. Iinoveli ezizibophelele kwiingcamango, ezinenjongo yokuguqula ngandlela ithile kunye neploti edlamkileyo, edlamkileyo. Amabali asafundwayo nanamhla okuncomekayo kokwenyani ngenxa yesakhiwo sawo esintsonkothileyo nesipheleleyo. I-Les Miserables yayiyeyona noveli iphambili, kodwa kuninzi okunokufunyanwa kulo mbhali.

UMarcel Proust. Intanda-bulumko yenza impikiswano

Isipho esimakwe ngamanye amaxesha kubonakala ngathi sidinga imali eseleyo. UMarcel Proust wayenobuninzi bemdali, kodwa ngokuchaseneyo wakhula njengomntwana onempilo ebuthathaka. Okanye mhlawumbi konke kungenxa yesicwangciso esifanayo. Ukusuka kubuthathaka, uvakalelo olukhethekileyo lufunyenwe, umbono kumda wobomi, ithuba elingenakuthelekiswa nanto lokugxila kwisiphiwo sokuyila kwiintsilelo zobomi. ubukho.

Kungenxa yokuba kukungabikho kobuthathaka kuphela okunokuzalwa, umnqweno wokunxibelelana nokungonwabi. Uncwadi, ukuzalwa kwemiphefumlo egwetyelwe intlekele, ukuthotyelwa kwabantu aboyisiweyo kunye nokubonakalisa ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukuba singoobani ngokwenene. Kwinguqu epheleleyo phakathi kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba neyeshumi elinambini, uProust wayesazi ngcono kunaye nabani na ukuba abalise indlela yokuphila, ezinikezela kwiminqweno yobutsha bakhe ukuba aziqokelele xa sele efikile ebudaleni.

Abathandi be-Proust bafumana umsebenzi wakhe wobugcisa "Ukukhangela ixesha elilahlekileyo" uyolo olumnandi loncwadi, kunye neminye imiqulu iququzelela indlela eya kwithala leencwadi elimangalisayo kwimeko yeefomathi:

Kwelinye icala, obona bunzima bukhulu ekubhaleni ubukho beentsomi obukhoyo buxhomekeke kwimpazamo yefilosofi. Ukuthintela la mandla e-centripetal akhokelela umbhali ukuya emthonjeni weengcinga kwaye emisa abalinganiswa kunye noseto, inqaku lokubaluleka liyafuneka, igalelo lefantasy okanye isenzo esinika amandla (ukucinga, ukucamngca kunokuba sisenzo, ukuya kuthi ga hambisa umfundi phakathi kweemvakalelo, phakathi kweembono ezingalandelelaniyo ngokulandelelana kwexesha). Kuphela kule mali ibhalansi apho uProust angenza umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu kuPhando lweXesha elilahlekileyo, loo seti yenoveli yalukwa kunye ngemisonto emibini, ubumnandi okanye ubuqili kunye nemvakalelo yokulahleka, yentlekele.

Ekugqibeleni usweleke eneminyaka engama-49 ubudala, kusenokwenzeka ukuba umsebenzi wakhe kweli hlabathi, ukuba eli lizwe linemishini okanye ikamva, uya kuvalwa ngokucacileyo. Umsebenzi wakhe - incopho uncwadi.

UMarguerite Yourcenar. Eyona pen iguquguqukayo

Bambalwa ababhali abaziwayo abenze i-pseudonym igama labo elisemthethweni, ngaphaya kwesiko okanye usetyenziso oludumileyo olusebenzela injongo yentengiso, okanye emele ukuziguqula ukuba umbhali abe ngumntu owahlukileyo. Kwindaba ye I-crayencour yaseMarguerite, ukusetyenziswa kwefani yakhe ene-anagram, emva kokuba engummi wase-US ngo-1947, ekwimo esemthethweni ye-Youcenar esele isaziwa kwihlabathi.

Phakathi kwe-anecdotal kunye nesiseko, le nyani yalatha kutshintsho olukhululekileyo phakathi komntu kunye nombhali. Kuba I-crayencour yaseMarguerite, ezinikele kuncwadi kuyo yonke imbonakalo yayo; umphandi weeleta ezivela kwimvelaphi yazo yamandulo; kunye namandla akhe aphuphumayo obukrelekrele ngokubhekisele kwi-erudition elandelwayo kwifomu nakwizinto, wayehlala eshukuma ngokuzimisela nangokuzinikela okungaguqukiyo kuncwadi njengendlela yobomi nanjengejelo kunye nobungqina obusisiseko bomntu kwimbali.

Uqeqesho loncwadi oluzifundisayo, oluqhelekileyo lomfazi ulutsha olungqamene neMfazwe Enkulu, ukukhathazeka kwakhe ngokwasengqondweni kukhuthazwe kumfanekiso kayise. Ngemvelaphi yayo yeengcungcu, yabethwa yimbambano yokuqala enkulu yase-Yurobhu, umzali katata ongumlimi wavumela ukuxhotyiswa kwale ntombazana ineziphiwo.

Ngemihla yakhe yokuqala njengombhali (kwiminyaka yakhe yamashumi amabini wayesele ebhale iinoveli yakhe yokuqala) wenza lo msebenzi uhambelana nokuguqulela ababhali abakhulu beAnglo-Saxon njengabakhe kwisiFrentshi sakhe. I-Virginia Woolf o UHenry James.

Kwaye inyani kukuba ebomini bakhe bonke, waqhubeka nalo msebenzi ubini wokukhulisa indalo yakhe okanye ukuhlangula isiFrentshi kwezona zinto zibalulekileyo phakathi kwezakudala zamaGrike okanye nayiphi na enye indalo eyayihlasela kuhambo lwakhe oluqhelekileyo.

I-Marguerite's oeuvre yamkelwa njengeseti yemisebenzi ecokisekileyo, ezele bubulumko ngendlela entsonkothileyo njengoko ikhanyisa. Iinoveli, imibongo okanye amabali alo mbhali ongumFrentshi adibanisa imo eqaqambileyo kunye ne-transcendental substance. Ukuqondwa kokuzinikela kwakhe konke kwavela ngokuvela kwakhe njengowasetyhini wokuqala ukungena kwiAkhademi yaseFransi, emva phayaa ngo-1980. Nantsi incwadi enamanye amancoko akhe:

Annie Ernaux. Ibali elingeyonyani

Alukho uncwadi oluzibophelele njengalo ludlulisela umbono we-autobiographical. Kwaye ayisiyonto nje yokutsala iinkumbulo kunye namava ukuqamba iyelenqe ukusuka kwezona meko zinzima ekujongwe kuzo kumaxesha amnyama embali. Ku-Annie Ernaux, yonke into ebaliswayo ithatha kwelinye icala ngokwenza iyelenqe libe yinyani kumntu wokuqala. Ubunyani obusondeleyo obuphuphuma bubunyani. Amanani akhe oncwadi afumana intsingiselo enkulu kwaye ukwakhiwa kokugqibela yinguqu yokwenyani yokuhlala kweminye imiphefumlo.

Kwaye umphefumlo ka-Ernaux ujongana nokubhala, ukudibanisa ubunyulu, i-clairvoyance, inkanuko kunye nobukrwada, uhlobo lobukrelekrele beemvakalelo kwinkonzo yazo zonke iintlobo zamabali, ukusuka kumbono womntu wokuqala ukuxelisa ubomi bemihla ngemihla ophela ngokusitshiza sonke nangayiphi na indlela. imiboniso eboniswe kuthi.

Ngomthamo ongaqhelekanga wokudityaniswa okupheleleyo komntu, u-Ernaux usixelela ngobomi bakhe kunye nobomi bethu, wenza iiprojekthi ezinje ngemidlalo yethiyetha apho sigqibela ngokuzibona siseqongeni sicengceleza izithethe eziqhelekileyo ezenziwe ngeengcinga kunye nokushukuma kwengqondo ezimiseleyo. ukucacisa okwenzekayo ngobuvuvu bokuphuculwa okububukho obuya kutyikitya ngokufanayo IKundera.

Asizange siyifumane kwi-bibliography yalo mbhali Ibhaso likaNobel loNcwadi ngo-2022 ibali elinyanzeliswa sisenzo njengokuxhasa iploti. Kwaye kuyamangalisa ukubona indlela ubomi obuqhubela phambili ngayo kunye nokucotha okungaqhelekanga kwamaxesha ukuze ekugqibeleni kutyhalwe, ngokuchaseneyo, ekudluleni kweminyaka engaxatyiswanga kwaphela. Uncwadi lwenze umlingo ngokuhamba kwexesha phakathi kweenkxalabo zoluntu zezona zisondeleyo. Nantsi enye yeencwadi zakhe ezaziwa kakhulu:

UMichel Houellebecq. isiFrentshi bukowski

ukusukela oko UMichel Thomas, wapapasha inoveli yakhe yokuqala enendlu yopapasho edumileyo kodwa evela kwabancinci be-elitist, wayesele etsalile umbono wakhe ongamiselwanga, iasidi kunye nombono ogxekayo ukuze avuselele izazela okanye i-viscera. Ngaloo ngxelo-bellicose mood, andinakucinga ukuba iya kugqiba ivuleleke kubafundi bazo zonke iinkalo. Ubugocigoci obungasemva kweploti bungaphela bumnandi kuye nawuphi na umfundi ukuba ifom, ukupakishwa, olona lwimi luthe ngqo luvumela ukufikelela kuloo mmandla wobukrelekrele. Okufanayo, ukwazi indlela yokutyibilika phakathi kwentshukumo ephilayo, ithamo le-hemlock. Ekugqibeleni, uMichel wafefa umsebenzi wakhe ngeencwadi eziphikisanayo nezigxeka kabukhali. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, oko kuthetha ukuba ibali lakhe livusa kwaye lixhokonxe owona mphefumlo ugxekayo wakhe nawuphi na umfundi.

Y UMichel Houellebecq uyakufezekisa oko kulungelelana phantse kuyo yonke into azimisele ukuyithetha. Kwindlela ye UPaul auster ukuba asasaze ukucinga kwakhe phakathi kweenoveli zangoku, iintsomi zenzululwazi okanye izincoko. Ukuthelekisa kusoloko kubangela amathandabuzo. Kwaye inyani yeyokuba ibali langoku, langoku, eliphononongayo alikhe lilandele iindlela ezifanayo phakathi kwabadali bayo be-avant-garde. Kodwa kufuneka uthembele kwinto ethile ukuseka ukubaluleka kombhali. Ukuba kum i-Houellebecq ikhupha izinto ze-Auster ngamanye amaxesha, kulungile kuhlala kunjalo ...

Icandelo lesayensi eliyinyani linqaku endilithandayo ngalo mbhali. Njengo UMargaret Atwood wanikela kwinoveli yakhe ethi Intombazana i-dystopia etyebileyo yokukhulisa isazela, uMichel wenza okufanayo kutsha nje "Ukwenzeka kwesiqithi", elinye lala mabali athi, ekuhambeni kwexesha, afumane ixabiso enalo, xa amaxesha efika phambili kwingcinga. umdali owafikelela kuvuthondaba kule noveli. Okunye, kuninzi onokukhetha kuzo kwi-“Michel de surname unpronounceable”, kwaye nantsi izimvo zam malunga nayo… Nantsi enye yeencwadi zakhe zakutsha nje:

Albert Camus. ubukhona njenge-adventure

Njengombhali olungileyo wobukho, mhlawumbi ongoyena mmeli wale meko okanye uhlobo, Albert Camus wayeyazi ukuba kufuneka abhale kwangethuba. Iyavakala into yokuba omnye wababhali ozamile kakhulu ukusebenzisa intsomi ukufikelela emphefumlweni ngengqondo yakhe, uvele njengombhali okoko ulutsha lutyhala olo lwazi lobukho. Ubukho njengala ntlango iyanda de yabuntwana ishiywe.

Ukusuka kulo mahluko wokuzalwa kunye nokuba mdala kufika ukwahlulwa kukaCamus, uluvo lokuba, ngaphandle kweparadesi, umntu uhlala yedwa, ekrokreni ukuba inyani bubudenge obufihlwe njengeenkolelo, iinjongo kunye nezizathu.

Ivakala ngathi iyinyani, kwaye kunjalo. Ukuze iCamus ibekho kukuthandabuza yonke into, ukuya kuthi ga kumda wokuphambana. Iinoveli zakhe ezintathu ezipapashiweyo (kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba wasweleka eneminyaka engama-46) zisinika amakroti acacileyo ngobunyani bethu, ngabalinganiswa abalahlekileyo kubo. Kwaye kuyamangalisa ukuzithoba kobo buntu buze bobugcisa. Ulonwabo lokwenyani loncwadi nobungqondi. Nalu olunye uhlelo lwamva nje lwe "The Foreigner":

UFred Vargas. Eyona noir intle

Ngokwam ndicinga ukuba xa umbhali ethanda UFred Vargas uhlala enobungangamsha ngokupheleleyo kuhlobo lwamapolisa ngaphezulu kokuthambekela okumnyama, kufanele ukuba kungenxa yokuba esathanda ukuhlakulela olo bugcisa kwinoveli yomcuphi kuphela, apho ukufa nolwaphulo-mthetho kuthathwa njengemfihlakalo kwaye iyelenqe liqhubeka malunga nokufunyanwa kombulali, kumceli mngeni ocetywayo kumfundi.

Xa le hook ilungile ngokwaneleyo, akukho mfuneko yokubhenela kwizincedisi ezongezelelekileyo okanye izinto eziphuma kwi-amoral ezitshiza zonke iiklasi zentlalo. Ngale nto andiphambuki kwiinoveli zolwaphulo-mthetho (ngokuchaseneyo noko, kuba lolunye uhlobo endiluthandayo), kodwa ndigxininisa amandla alungileyo okothusayo. Connan doyle o Agatha Christie xa kubonakala ngathi yonke into ibhaliwe kuloo ndawo.

Kuyinyani ukuba intsomi okanye ukubamba okumnandi okungqonge iploti kunokunika umtsalane okhethekileyo ngelixa utyhalela umfundi kwiimeko apho uphando ludlala ngemibandela ye-esoteric, kodwa apho kulele khona. Isakhono sikaFred Vargas ukuxolelanisa yonke into kunye nokulunga okunengqiqo a la Sherlock Holmes.

Ke lonke uxabiso lwam kumbhali osisithunywa sikaFred Vargas kunye nokuzimisela kwakhe ukubhala amapolisa acocekileyo ngokukhumbula iimfihlakalo zamandulo ezibandakanyiweyo kwiincwadi zakhe ezimbalwa. Nangona kuyinyani ukuba umazibuthe omninzi wohlobo lwe-noir uhlala uphelela ekufumaneni ezinye ...

Ndihlangula incwadi ekhethekileyo kaFred Vargas kunye nomgcini wayo uAdamsberg njengomlingisi ophambili kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo:

UJean-Paul Sartre. Ubuqaqawuli obuncothulweyo

Umbono ozibophelela kakhulu ebantwini, kwaye uqhutywa kwiziphumo zawo zokugqibela, uhlala ujonge ngasekhohlo, kwezentlalo, kukhuseleko lukarhulumente kubemi nakwimimandla egqithileyo yentengiso ethi, ikhululwe kubo bonke ubudlelwane, ihlala iphelela ekunciphiseni. ukufikelela kubutyebi (Ukuba intengiso ibivunyelwe yonke into, ibizakuphelela ekuzithobeni, kucacile kwimeko yangoku).

Ukuba ngumbono oqinisekileyo ngolu hlobo kunye nobukho obukhoyo ngaphandle kwefilosofi kwamkhokelela UJean Paul Sartre (nabani na owayengumfazi wakhe USimone de Beauvior), kuncwadi oluphantse lwenzakalise njengomsebenzi wokwazisa kunye nezinye iintlobo zezindululo ezinje ngesincoko esazama ukubuyekeza ukuwohloka komntu olwa neengxilimbela ngamandla, isibindi namandla. Ubukho bokubhala ngokungqongqo kunye nokuzibophelela kunye noqhankqalazo kuyo nayiphi na enye indawo yokubhala phakathi kwentlalo kunye nefilosofi.

Ukuba akukho nto kusenokwenzeka ukuba kungokwakho Umsebenzi oqaqambe ngakumbi, wentanda-bulumko kodwa enengxelo yentlalo Yurophu yatshatyalaliswa emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini. Incwadi ebalulekileyo ngobukrelekrele bukaSartre obukhulisa oongqondo kodwa nokubhala. Indlela yokuhambisa umhlaba (okanye into eseleyo kuwo), eyayisebenza njengesifundo se-anthropological kodwa ikwangumthombo weakhawunti esondeleyo yabaninzi kunye neembali zembali zabaphulukene nemfazwe (Oko kukuthi, kuzo zonke )