Ababhali be-10 ababalaseleyo baseSpain

Siqala kule bhlog ngokhetho lwe Ababhali ababalaseleyo baseMelika kwaye siwela i-charo kwakhona ukugxila ngoku kubabhali ababalaseleyo baseSpain. Njengamaxesha onke ndibhenela ububele bohloniphekileyo ukuba bacinge ukuba yonke into ixhomekeke. Yintoni kuthi ukhetho olubalulekileyo lwababhali beSpanish inokuba kwabanye abafundi uluhlu olulula lwababhali abanobunzulu obukhulu okanye obuncinci kwipanorama yoncwadi enokusuka ingawenzi kude kube yi-boom yokugqibela yangoku.

Yinto yonke into yokungena kukhetho apho kuya kuhlala kukho iimbekiselo ezilungileyo ngaphandle kweshumi eliphezulu. Ngoko musa ukuba nobuganga obusekelwe kwizinto ozithandayo. Sonke siye sajongana noncwadi oluvela kumaziko asemthethweni njengesifundo sokufundisa ngaxeshanye sigqogqa amathala eencwadi ngendlela ephuculweyo. Kwaye ngokunyanisekileyo, ukhetho lwesibini lupholile ngakumbi. Kuba sele isaziwa ukuba umbhali othandwayo okanye incwadi ifika ngokungalindelekanga, iphucula okanye ilandele iingcebiso.

Kulula ukuthabatheka ngumsebenzi ngenxa yokuba umhlobo wethu uye wasicebisa kunokuba ngenxa yokuba ubuhle bemini babunconywa kwiklasi yoncwadi yesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo esemagqagaleni, xa mhlawumbi yayingeloxesha lokufundela uncwadi. Ukunyoba okanye uJosé Luis Sampedro. Umzobo unokusitsalisa ngoko nangoko ngaloo mtsalane Stendhal. Uncwadi lufuna uphando olungakumbi. Mhlawumbi ayikho kumaphepha okuqala okanye mhlawumbi ayilona xesha lilungileyo ... Ingongoma kukufunda nokufunda kwakhona ukuze ufumanise ukuba ubuhle bento ebhaliweyo bungafikelela kuthi xa iingoma ezithile zihambelana. Masiye apho ngento yonke encinci

Top 10 best ababhali Spanish

Jose Luis Sampedro. Umlingo wokuchukumisa umphefumlo

Usweleke ngo-2013 kunye nelifa loncwadi elihamba ngaphaya kwayo nayiphi na ingcamango yokubalisa phakathi kwebali elingeyonyani nelingeyonyani. Nje ukuba lo mbhali mkhulu kangaka emkile, akukho mntu uya kukwazi ukuba ufikelele kweliphi na inqanaba kobo bulumko bungaphaya kwengqondo abubonakalisileyo kulo naluphi na udliwano-ndlebe okanye incoko, yaye oko kwakuqulethwe ngcono kwiincwadi ezininzi.

Into ebalulekileyo ngoku kukwamkela ubungqina, ukuthatha umsebenzi ongenakonakala ngokuzibophelela kwabo kubukho, ukukhupha okona kulungileyo komphefumlo womntu kwihlabathi elingcono. UJose Luis Sampedro Wayengaphezulu kombhali, wayesisibane sokuziphatha esinokuthi ngenxa yelifa lakhe esinokuphinda silifumane nangaliphi na ixesha.

Ukuphinda ujonge umsebenzi wakhe kukujonga ngaphakathi kubalinganiswa bakhe, ukufuna nokufumana okona kulungileyo kuni, ukunikezela kubungqina bokuba amagama anokuphilisa ngaphaya kokuzikhukhumeza, isibindi kunye nengxolo ulwimi olo luphantsi kwalo namhla.

Inoveli yakhe ethi "I-Old Mermaid" ivelele ngaphezu kwayo yonke into, umsebenzi wobugcisa onokuthi wonke umntu afunde ubuncinane kanye ebomini bakhe, njengoko bethetha ngezinto ezibalulekileyo. Umlinganiswa ngamnye, eqala ngowasetyhini obeka inoveli embindini noqhubeka ebizwa ngamagama ahlukeneyo (masihlale noGlauka), udlulisa ubulumko banaphakade bomntu obenokuphila ubomi obuninzi. Ukufundwa kolutsha, njengoko kwakunjalo ekuqaleni kwam ukufunda, kukunika i-prism eyahlukileyo, uhlobo lokuvuswa kwinto engaphezulu kweendlela ezilula (kunye neziphikisanayo kunye nomlilo) zelo xesha ngaphambi kokuvuthwa.

Ukufundwa kwesibini kubudala babantu abadala kukuhambisa into entle, emnandi, echukumisayo, malunga nokuba wawuyintoni kwaye ushiye ntoni ukuze uphile. Kubonakala kungaqhelekanga ukuba inoveli enokuvakala ngokwembali inokuhambisa into enje, akunjalo? Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo ukubekwa kweAleksandriya entle ngenkulungwane yesithathu yile nto, sisimo esifanelekileyo apho ufumanisa ukuba sibancinci kangakanani namhlanje ebantwini ukusukela ngoko.

Andiqondi ukuba kukho umsebenzi ongcono wokuvelana nabalinganiswa bayo ngendlela ebalulekileyo, emazantsi omphefumlo kunye nesisu. Kufana nokuba ungahlala emzimbeni nasengqondweni kaGlauka, okanye uKrito ngobulumko bakhe obungapheliyo, okanye u-Ahram, ngokulinganisela kwamandla akhe kunye nokuthantamisa. Kwabanye, ngaphaya koonobumba, i-brushstrokes eneenkcukacha zokuphuma kwelanga phezu kweMeditera, ezicatshangelwayo ukusuka kwinqaba ephakamileyo, okanye ubomi obungaphakathi besixeko kunye namavumba kunye namavumba aso nawo abonwabele kakhulu.

I-mermaid endala

Arturo Perez Reverte. Ukuphuphuma kwento kunye nemo

Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zombhali, kum, kukuguquguquka. Xa umbhali ekwazi ukwenza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kakhulu zendalo, ubonisa amandla okuzidlula, imfuneko yokukhangela i-horizons entsha kunye nokuzinikela kwi-genius yokudala, ngaphandle kokumisela imeko.

Sonke siyayazi imiboniso yoluntu UArturo Pérez Reverte nge-XL Semanal okanye kwinethiwekhi yoluntu kwaye phantse akaze akushiye ungakhathali. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, le ndlela yokungabambeleli kwinto esele isekiwe iyenza icace imeko yakhe yokubhala nje ngenxa yayo, njengorhwebo olukhululekileyo, ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa kwezorhwebo (nangona ekugqibeleni ethengisa iincwadi njengezona zininzi).

Ukuba sibuyela umva ekuqaleni, sifumanisa ukuba Iinoveli zokuqala zikaArturo Pérez Reverte babesele belindele amabali eesepha ezalandelayo awayesigcinele zona. Kuba nakwinjongo yayo yobuntatheli yaphuphuma bubukhazikhazi ngaphandle kokuyishiya imbali yayo. Kwandula ke kwafika iintsomi zakhe zembali, iinoveli zakhe eziyimfihlakalo, amabali amatsha okanye iintsomi. Ingqondo ebalekayo ayiyazi imida yeentlobo okanye izimbo.

Ndinikezela ngetyala ngenye yeengoma zakhe zamva nje:

I-Falco trilogy

UMiguel Delibes. Umbhali-mbali wembali

Ngomfanekiso IMiguel Delibes Kwenzeka into engaqhelekanga kum. Uhlobo lokufunda olubulalayo kunye nohlobo lokufunda kwakhona kwangexesha. Ndiyathetha... Ndafunda enye yakhe ithathwa njengeyona noveli inkulu "Iiyure ezintlanu noMario»Kwiziko, phantsi kwelebheli yokufunda okunyanzelekileyo. Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ndaye ndaphela kwisithsaba sikaMario kunye nabazili bakhe ...

Ndiyaqonda ukuba ndingabizwa ngokuba ndingenamsebenzi ngokuchitha le noveli njengento engabalulekanga, kodwa izinto ziyenzeka njengoko zisenzeka kwaye ngelo xesha ndandifunda izinto ezihluke kakhulu. Kodwa… (ebomini kusoloko kukho ii-buts ezikwaziyo ukuguqula yonke into) ixesha elithile kamva ndiye ndanobuganga no-El hereje kwaye ithamsanqa lokungcamla kwam ukufunda kwatshintsha ileyibhile ephawulwe lo mbhali ubalaseleyo.

Ayisiyo yokuba enye inoveli kunye nenye inomsindo, yayininzi malunga neemeko zam, ukhetho olukhululekileyo lokufunda, intsalela yoncwadi esele iqokelelwe ngaphezu kweminyaka ..., okanye ngokuchanekileyo, iminyaka yayihlala. Andazi, izinto eziliwaka.

Ingongoma kukuba okwesibini ndicinga ukuba ndakhuthazwa nguLos Santos Inocentes kwaye kamva ngezinye iincwadi ezininzi ngulo mbhali ofanayo. Kude kube ekugqibeleni kuqwalaselwa oko emva kwi-1920, xa uDelibes wazalwa, mhlawumbi ethile UPerez Galdos (kuba mna ndiphuculwe kumfanekiso kaDelibes) owafa kwangaloo nyaka, wayenokuzalwa kwakhona kuye ukuze aqhubeke nokusithumela loo mbono weSpeyin, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kubo bonke.

Nanku omnye wemisebenzi kaDelibes ofumana kakhulu ekuhambeni kwexesha:

Indlela

Xavier Marias. Ukudityaniswa kwengxelo

Ummandla woncwadi njengengqokelela yofundo ekuza kuthi kuphunyezwe kulo umsebenzi wezandla ogqwesileyo. Ukufunda uJavier Marías kwakuthetha isidanga se-master kwisitayile sakhe esisulungekileyo kodwa kwangaxeshanye ekwazi ukwenza eyona micegenation imangalisayo.

Nokuba uxhasa okanye uyachasa, bekumnandi ukubaleka kumntu onjengomntu oswelekileyo ngoku uJavier Marías. Umbhali ongazange azivalele ngaphandle kwenyani kunye namandla akhe aphakathi kwingcinga eyodwa, njengengcinga ephazamisayo ye-libertarian. Kuphela (ewe, nge-accent, fuck i-RAE kule nto) olu didi lwabantu lunokuvukela kwizikhundla zabo njengebhakana yengqondo ukuze zenze into eluncedo kolu luntu lune-euphemistic, olunomkhethe, kunye nenkangeleko emnyama.

Into efana nePérez Reverte, ewe. Kodwa kugxilwe kuncwadi olungqongqo, uMarías yingxelo entsonkothileyo ngakumbi, ebaluleke ngakumbi ngokusesikweni, enobubanzi obukhulu bobulumko kodwa kwangaxeshanye yagungqiswa kumanzi ayimfuneko eyelenqe apho yonke into yenza amaza ahambelanayo ikhangela amanxweme apho iwuthatha khona umhlaba. . Ngemvakalelo, kwimeko kaJavier Marías, ukuthatha uhambo olumnandi phezu kwenzonzobila enzulu okanye i-anchoring ekufuneni yonke into ehamba ngezantsi.

UBerta Isla

Dolores Redondo. ISpanish noir boom

Kungavakala kunomsindo ukubeka umbhali wenoveli omnyama kule ndawo ngaphandle kokuqubuda kuVázquez Montalbán okanye uGonzález Ledesma. Kodwa kufanelekile ukuyivuma loo nto Dolores Redondo inika uhlobo lwe-noir imbono etyetyisiweyo ziinuances endiza kuzibonisa ngoku. Akukho nto yakwenza naloo noir eyaphinda yenziwa phakathi kweemeko ezimdaka ezazinokutyibilika phakathi kwezopolitiko okanye nasiphi na esinye isigaba samandla esikhumbuza amaxesha akufutshane nababhali nokuba abafundi babo bathande kakhulu. Iincwadi zikaVázquez Montalbán zingumfanekiso wenyani efihliweyo eyenza ukuba iinwele zakho zime esiphelweni, kwaye abalinganiswa bakhe bamangaliswe ngamandla obubi babo.

Dolores Redondo, njengaye nawuphi na umbhali weenoveli ezimnyama, ugcina loo nxalenye ye-protagonist ehlushwa yimeko yakhe. Akukho qhawe le-noir lidlulayo ngokuba luhlobo olungenabala, okanye ityala, okanye ukubandezeleka. Kwaye ngokunjalo, kwimisebenzi ye Dolores Redondo, ngokuqhelekileyo kukho iimeko apho ulandela isaphuli-mthetho. Kodwa kwiinoveli zalo mbhali izicwangciso, ngokwemiqathango yamatyala, zibhidekile ngakumbi, zivusa loo mdla wokufun’ ukwazi kumfundi.

Ngaphandle kokulibala ezinye iinkcukacha endandisele ndizilindele ngaphambili. iinoveli ze Dolores Redondo banemiphetho emininzi yokuqhubela phambili ubunjineli babo njengomsebenzi wobunjineli obalisayo. Amandla e-Telluric kunye neemfihlakalo ezihambelanayo, ubudlelwane obunetyhefu evela kwiimfihlo ezivunyiweyo kuphela kumfundi okanye zishiywe zinxunguphele, kwimfuno yesicwangciso. Kufana nokuvela kweenoveli zolwaphulo-mthetho ezilungelelaniswe kwixesha langoku lemfuno engaphezulu evela kubafundi.

I-Baztán trilogy

UCarlos Ruiz Zafon. imfihlakalo emthanjeni

Ngokuhambelana nababhali bemfihlakalo abakhulu kwihlabathi liphela. Kwaye ibekwe kwisibingelelo esifanayo njengeembekiselo ezinkulu zohlobo lwayo, imeko kaRuiz Zafón ayilibaleki ngokukwazi ukusihambisa kwizithuba ezikumgubasi ophakathi kokwenyani kunye nentelekelelo ngokungathi inguqu ngokwenene yinto efikelelekayo. Uluvo lwamabali alahlekileyo kunye nalo mbhali unomdla…

Emuva ngo-2020 omnye wababhali abakhulu kwizinto nakwimo wasishiya. Umbhali oye waqinisekisa abagxeki kwaye wafumana ukuvunywa okufanayo okudumileyo kwaguqulelwa kubathengisi abagqwesileyo kuzo zonke iinoveli zakhe. Mhlawumbi ngoyena mbhali weSpanish ofundeka kakhulu emva ingawenzi, mhlawumbi ngemvume ye UPerez Reverte.

UCarlos Ruiz Zafon, njengabanye abaninzi, wayesele echithe iminyaka yakhe emihle yokusebenza nzima kolu rhwebo lokubingelela ngaphambi kokuba kuqhushumbe ngokupheleleyo Isithunzi somoya, umsebenzi wakhe wobugcisa (ngokombono wam nangoluvo olufanayo lwabagxeki). URuiz Zafón wayekhe wafunda uncwadi lolutsha, ngempumelelo enikezelwe kuyo yileyibhile engafanelekanga yoncwadi oluncinci olujolise kwiziphelo ezincomekayo. Akukho nto ingaphantsi kokuguqula abafundi abatsha abazimiseleyo besebancinci (uncwadi lwabantu abadala luphela luzondla ngabafundi abaye bafunda ulutsha phantse ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukuya apho).

Kodwa yeyokuba ephonononga izindululo zentelekelelo zokuqalisa abafundi, uZafón waphelela ekuzithwaliseni umthwalo ngeengxoxo ezinzima kwaye andisa ingcinga yakhe ukuya kufikelela kwiindawo ezingafikelelekiyo kwabanye ababhali. Kwaye ngoko waqala ukoyisa abafundi bayo nayiphi na imeko. Ukugijima phezu kwethu sonke phakathi kwemidlalo yokukhanya kunye nesithunzi seenoveli zakhe ezinkulu.

Edward Mendoza. usiba olungenantlonipho

Umbhali oye wakwazi ukuguquka ukusuka kwi-XNUMX ukuya kwi-XNUMXst inkulungwane, ehlala ephumelela abafundi abatsha. Okanye mhlawumbi ngumbandela wokuba umsebenzi wakhe awuwazi amaxesha kwaye uvula neleyibhile yawo yobuxoki yeentsomi zembali eziphethe okungaphezulu kwenjongo engapheliyo. Kuba uMendoza uneempawu ezintle ezimbini eziphuncukileyo kwezo zibhalwe, ukuphila kwabalinganiswa bakhe kunye nenqaku eliyimpumelelo loburharha elithi ngamanye amaxesha liphule iintsingiselo kunye noseto. Ubukrelekrele kwinkonzo yebhibliyografi eyakho ehlala iyimpumelelo ukucebisa.

Kukho abo banyanzelisa ukwahlula elo cala lihlekisayo lalo mbhali. Mhlawumbi kungenxa yokuba uburharha abuyiyo inkalo ejongwayo xa kusalathwa imisebenzi efanelekileyo, eyabelwa ngakumbi ngabatshutshisi kwimixholo enzulu negqithileyo. Kodwa ngokuchanekileyo uMendoza uyayazi indlela yokuphumelela oko kudlulela kumfundi ukusuka kuburharha, xa edlala. Kwaye imvakalelo elula yokukrazuka enokuthi inikezele xa ekugqibeleni igqabhuka isiya kwelo thambeka, inika uburharha, ngokwalo, indawo ekhatywayo ngokusemthethweni.

Eduardo Mendoza ityala

Almudena Grandes. njalo emangalisayo

Asibobulumko yaye kuyingozi ukunxulumanisa utyekelo lwezopolitiko nazo naziphi na ezinye iinkalo zoluntu. Nangakumbi kwinto enkulu njengoncwadi. Enyanisweni, akukho mvuzo ukuqalisa le mihlathi ye Almudena Grandes ngathi ucela uxolo ngokuvula umlomo wam. Ukuba lo mbhali wayethetha okungaphezulu kwezopolitiko, akufuneki ukuba awuchaphazele umsebenzi wakhe. Kodwa okulusizi kukuba yile ndlela izinto eziyiyo.

Nangona kunjalo, sikhululwe ekuvalweni kwaye sibambelele kumsebenzi wakhe, sizifumana siphambi kombhali ohambe ngeemeko ezahlukeneyo ezibalisayo. Ukusuka kwi-eroticism ukuya kwimbali eyintsomi, ukuhamba kolo hlobo lweenoveli zangoku ezithi ngokuhamba kwexesha zibe zezona ngxelo zichanekileyo zexesha.

Sijongene nomsebenzi owamkelwa ngesandla kwaye owandisiweyo ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-40 olungiselelwe kwimeko engapheliyo, yombono ohambelanayo noyimfuneko wokuhamba kweentsuku zethu. Ukuba ababhali banokuba nomsebenzi wokungqina into eyenzekayo njengababhali bexesha labo, Almudena Grandes waphumelela ngomfanekiso wakhe wamayelenqe awayengalindelekanga. Amabali angaphakathi asuka apha naphaya anenyaniso ekrakra yabalinganiswa abakufutshane.

Ukuvelana nabalinganiswa abaninzi abazalwa kwintelekelelo ye Almudena Grandes Kuya kufuneka nje ubafumane kwiinkcukacha zabo kunye nasekuthuleni, kwiingxoxo zabo ezinencindi kunye nelo shwangusha linzima labalahlekileyo abafuna amazwi abajike babe ngamagorha emihla ngemihla, babe ngabasindileyo abathanda, abaziva kwaye babandezeleke kakhulu kunabaninzi. Abanye abalinganiswa bethandwa kakhulu ngenxa yobunewunewu bokungaqondi kobo bomi benene apho kwenzeka khona izinto ezithile ezithathwa ngumphefumlo.

I-Case Episodes yemfazwe engapheliyo

Pius Baroja. abalinganiswa abangafiyo

Andikwazanga ukuyicacisa. Kodwa phakathi kofundo oluninzi kukho abalinganiswa abarekhodwayo. Izijekulo kunye neengxoxo kodwa neengcinga kunye neembono ngobomi. Abalinganiswa bakaPío Baroja banento endingayaziyo ukuba yintoni engaphaya, njengokuthabatheka phambi kweseyile ehlala ikroliwe kwiretina.

Xa ndifunda uMthi woLwazi ndandinemvakalelo yokufumana izizathu ezikhokelela ekubeni umntu afune ukuba ngugqirha. IPio Baroja Kwakunjalo, ngaphambi kokuqondisa ubomi bakhe kwiileta. Kwaye kuloo nto, kumagama akhe, kukho ubudlelane obugqibeleleyo nomphefumlo wakhe obalulekileyo, lowo ufuna ukusasaza okwenyama, ukuya kuthi ga apho uncwadi kuphela olunokufumana okushiyekileyo emva kwezinto eziphilayo neziphathekayo.

Kwaye into endiyifumene kuyo Umthi wesayensi iyaqhubeka kwiinoveli zakhe ezininzi. Ukudibana okubalulekileyo kwe-Baroja kunye neemeko ezibuhlungu kwinqanaba lesizwe, kunye nokulahlekelwa ngamalahle okugqibela obungangamsha bobukhosi, kunye neenoveli zakhe ezininzi, njengoko kwenzeka kumaqabane akhe amaninzi kwisizukulwana sika-98. Kuyinyani ukuba andizange zange ibe kakhulu ukuhlonipha iilebhile ezisemthethweni. Kodwa isiphelo kwingxelo phantse kubo bonke abantu besi sizukulwana siyinto ecacileyo.

Y Ukusuka kwaboyisiweyo, ekoyisweni njengesiseko esibalulekileyo, awona mabali abukhali kakhulu ahlala ehleli. Xa yonke into ifakiwe kuloo mbono wentlungu njengokunqongophala kwesiseko sokuhlala, imixholo yesiqhelo ngothando, ukukhathazeka kwentliziyo, ukuziva unetyala, ilahleko kunye nokungabikho kuba yinto exineneyo, njengento eqhelekileyo yomfundi.

Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu, olu hlobo loncwadi luyinxalenye yokuhlangula, ukukhulula, njengendawo ye-placebo yomfundi owaziyo ukungathandeki okuhamba nokuhamba kwexesha. Ukomelela kumzekelo ochaziweyo, ubunyani obunqabileyo ukonwabela ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokonwaba kwezinto ezincinci ezenziweyo ...

Umthi wesayensi

Camilo Jose Cela. umzobi womphefumlo

Ndiyayithandabuza indlela yokuvala ukhetho lwam lwababhali ababalaseleyo be-10 baseSpanish. Kuba baninzi abahlala emasangweni. Kwaye njengoko benditshilo ekuqaleni kolu ngeniso, mhlawumbi ubudlelwane buya kutshintsha kwiminyaka embalwa. Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo bekungayi kuba yinto efanayo kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo. Umbuzo womzuzu esikuwo. Kodwa ukulibala uCela yayilityala.

Isitampu saseGalician yinto leyo UCamilo José Cela igcinwe ubomi bakhe bonke. Umlinganiswa okhethekileyo onokumkhokelela ukusuka kwindawo yokuhlala ukuya kweyona nto ibalaseleyo, emangazayo okwangoku ngokugqabhuka okuhonjiswe ngeebhloko ezikhethiweyo zevumba leprozi yemveli, ukuba ngamanye amaxesha iprozi ye-scatological awayeyibonakalisa rhoqo kwiinoveli zakhe. Enempikiswano kwezopolitiko kwaye ngamanye amaxesha nangabantu, uCela wayengumlinganiswa onesiphiwo, ethandwa kwaye ekhatywa kwiindawo ezilinganayo, ubuncinci eSpain.

Kodwa ngokungqongqo kuncwadi, kuhlala kwenzeka ukuba ubukrelekrele buphela buhlawulisa, okanye ubuncinci buthambe, naluphi na uphawu lobuntu obunomsindo. Kwaye uCamilo José Cela wayenobukrelekrele, isipho sokuphinda abone izinto ezingalibalekiyo zabalinganiswa abaqaqambileyo, abaphikisanayo, abajamelana nobuntu kodwa kwanokubakho kobomi obunzima beSpain ogwetyelwe ukungqubana, ukusinda nangaliphi na ixabiso kunye nokuvezwa kokungcola. yomntu.

Nje ukuba afike kwi-quagmire yokuphila, uCela uyazi indlela yokufumana kwakhona amaxabiso anje ngothando okanye ingqibelelo, ukuziphucula kunye nokuthantamisa kwesizathu. Kwaye naxa, phakathi kwelishwa lokuzalwa phakathi kokuzalwa kwendlala, ucinga ngobabalo oluncinci lokukhula njengelifa elinye, uburharha obumuncu okanye obungenantlonelo bobabini buphela bukwenza ubone ukuba ubomi bukhanya ngakumbi xa buqaqambile ngokuchasene nobumnyama.

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Izimvo ezi-2 "Ababhali abali-10 ababalaseleyo baseSpain"

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