Isiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane yama-XNUMX eYurophu sirekhoda intaphane yababhali abagqwesileyo njengababhali belizwekazi abathe bawela kubumnyama beemfazwe ezinkulu zehlabathi.
Ndiyathetha UThomas Mann, George Orwell, okanye sele eSpeyin i Baroja, unamuno…ababhali bonke bejonge enzonzobileni yongquzulwano olukhulu lweemfazwe zabo zasemva kwemfazwe, ixesha labo lemfazwe kunye noxinzelelo olwandisiweyo ngexesha lesiphithiphithi elathi ngaphaya kwekamva lezentlalo nezopolitiko, zabhala ngokutsha izigidi zobomi emthunzini.
URobert Musil, ngenjongo efanayo ebalulekileyo njengeyangaphambili, ehlala iphakathi kobukho bobukho obuthwele i-recalcitrant pessimism eqhelekileyo yamaxesha, kunye nokukhangela komntu ebumnyameni boluntu, waqamba i-bibliography eyodwa.
Asiyongqokelela enkulu yemisebenzi engagqithanga kwishumi. Kwaye mhlawumbi ngokuchanekileyo kwindawo encinci, uMusil wagxininisa umbono ophucukileyo wehlabathi ukusuka kwindawo yefilosofi, waguqulelwa kwinoveli enobutyebi obuguqula izicwangciso zayo zibe yi-intrahistories ngobunzima kunye nobunzulu, kunye neengcinga zobuntu ukusuka ekuvezweni kwabalinganiswa bayo. ezo zinto zigqithileyo zisenza sizive ubomi njengobungqina bentlungu.
Kodwa ngaphaya kwemvelaphi, izenzo zikaMusil zisoloko zimema iqhina elicebisayo elilindele iziphumo ezimangalisayo, njengayo nayiphi na inoveli exabisa ityuwa yayo ukuze yonwabele abafundi abalangazelela ukuhlala kwezo ndawo zibukhali.
Iinoveli ezi-3 eziphezulu ezicetyiswayo nguRobert Musil
Indoda engenazo iimpawu
Umsebenzi onaloo vitola ehlala isinye yokungagqitywanga ehamba nombhali omkhulu phambi kokuba umke kwindawo leyo. Inoveli efuna, kwaye ngaphandle kwesiphelo sayo esimfiliba, ifezekisa oko kudlula kwe-magnum opus, ukusuka kumthamo ukuya kusetyenziso lwe Iqhayiya kwi "Ukukhangela Ixesha Elilahlekileyo."
Ukususela ekuqaleni, ukunikezelwa, ngaphezu kweshumi leminyaka, ukuvala umsebenzi ngokungathandabuzekiyo kubonisa ukuba kuya kuhambisa ukuphumla okulungileyo kokuhamba kwexesha, ngaphandle kokunikezela kwimibono yokuqala. Into ehlala ityebisa xa ubuyela kubalinganiswa kunye ne-nuances yabo. U-Ulrich ngumntu obizwa ngokuba yindoda engenazo iimpawu, umntu obandayo kwaye ozinikele kwihlabathi lakhe lamanani kunye nokudibanisa njengengcali yezibalo. Umbono wakhe we-paradigmatic wehlabathi uyamphunyuka kumtsalane ongeyiyo imathematika uvakalelwa nguLeona noBonadea.
Kwelinye icala, kwii-antipodes zeli hlabathi lingaqhelekanga phakathi kwamanani, ukuncoma kunye nothando olwenziwe yi-algorithm, i-Arnheim esele igcwele iimpawu zomntu olungileyo, esazi yonke into, i-connoisseur par ukugqwesa kwehlabathi lanamhlanje kuyo yonke imilinganiselo yalo. Ngasemva, iYurophu yangaphambi kwemfazwe ka-1914, kwindawo ephakathi, izono, amampunge, amabhongo agqithisileyo kunye neminqweno engathandekiyo yamadoda aneempawu okanye ezingenazo.
Malunga nobudenge
Isincoko sobudenge akufuneki sibe side kunamaphepha ali-100. Ngaphandle kokuba umntu ofana noMusil usenza sifune ukubona ukuba ubudenge bulingana nolwethu njengefutha esibunikayo.
Ngenxa yokuba ubudenge abafundi bakaNjingalwazi Erdmann bahleka xa wayelumkisa ukuba oku, ubudenge, kuya kuba yinto ephambili yentetho yakhe eklasini, ayikho enye into ngaphandle kwe-somatization yenyoka yoloyiko olujikelezayo kwi-calucals yethu ekwazi ukuphazamisa inyaniso, ukungazi kwethu. esikwaziyo ukuziqinisa ukuya kwinqanaba lokukhanyela intetho yomnye ngaphandle komonakalo ococekileyo we-ego.
Ukuba sisilumko kusenokufana nokungabi sisidenge kangangokuba sithule, sijonge ngaphambi kokuba sithethe, sikhulule iingqondo zethu ngaphambi kokuba utyekelo lwethu lwehobe luphelise nayiphi na into enokwenzeka yokufunda. Yiyo loo nto uErdmann kwafuneka athethe ngobutyhakala. Kwaye ke uMusil wahlangula yonke loo ngcinga kwincwadi encinci esinokuthi siyikhumbule ukuba sisoloko sizama ukubaleka kobethu ubudenge.
Iimbandezelo zoMfundi uTorless
Inyani yokusondela kwindawo yolutsha kunye nendawo yasemkhosini ukwenza izinto zibe mandundu, inika le noveli ukuba kufutshane kuye nawuphi na umfundi ozimisele ukungena kwihlabathi likaMusil.
UTörless lijoni eliselula elijongene neyona mpikiswano inzulu. Kungenxa yokuba kukho into ethile kuye ezabalazela ukuvuselela elo bhongo libonakalayo ngesifuba esidumbileyo ngoxa icala labantwana lithandabuza. Ngaphandle kokuba umntwana, okwishumi elivisayo onxibe iyunifomu yemfazwe, kungekudala ufunda ukwenza izinto ezingacacanga ngobomi nokufa, izinto ezingekabikho nto kuye ade azibone.
Kodwa ngokuchanekileyo yena, uTörless, ngoyena uphikisanayo kumajoni kwaye iinkxalabo zakhe zimqhubela ekubeni avukele ngamanye amaxesha ngokuchasene noloyiko olubekiweyo. Kungenxa yokuba ubukrelekrele bakhe bophukelwa yinqanawa kwizikhewu zoqeqesho lwasemkhosini kunye naloo njongo yokuthand' izwe ngokuchasene neentshaba ezithi maxa wambi zixakeke kumakhwenkwe aselula njengaye. Ngamanye amaxesha uTörles uyaqonda ukuba sekusemva kwexesha, ukuba akukho namnye wamakhwenkwe akwimeko yokuphepha ukuhlukaniswa. Kwaye ukuqalisa ukubaleka uwedwa akuyonto ilula. Ke ukuphepha kunokuba ngaphakathi kuphela, kwisithuba onokuthi usikhusele ukuze kungabikho mntu usibambe ngenkani kwisazela sakho.
