Ukhanyiso yiloo nto lunayo. Iqela leemeko phakathi kwe-inertia yendaleko, inkqubela phambili yezenzululwazi, ukuxhaphaka kweenkxalabo zentlalo kunye nokudibana kwabantu abacinga kakhulu, yaphela ekusekeni inkulungwane ye-18 njengendlela yokutsiba ekukhuleni koluntu phantsi kobungangamsha bobulumko nokuqiqa.
Y Voltaire Wayengomnye wabameli abaziwayo bokuzalwa ngokutsha kobuntu ukuba uthembele ekusasazeni inkcubeko, ukufikelela kwayo kunye ne-echo enkulu, njengamathuba amakhulu ekwakhiweni kwehlabathi elingcono.
Ingathathelwa ingqalelo into yokuba, ngenxa yeziphumo (ezona zinolwazi zininzi zezona ntshaba zimbi zoluntu), unokuba ngumntu ongenalwazi okanye olungileyo. Kodwa okwenzekileyo kude kube lelo xesha kwakukubi ngakumbi. Ke inyathelo eliya phambili kwi-encyclopedism yendalo iphela ibonakala iyimfuneko (ubuncinci bekuyimfuneko ukuzama ukuphuma kwizithunzi ezisamile kwizazela eziqhelekileyo).
Kodwa ngaphaya kwempembelelo esebenzayo kwimbali, uVoltarie wayekwangumbhali, mhlawumbi ngoyena wayenempembelelo enkulu kwimithambo yakhe yamabali Rousseau (owabelana naye uVoltaire ngonyaka wokusweleka), Diderot o EMontesquie, Zonke zijolise ngakumbi kumsebenzi onzima wokusasaza okanye intanda-bulumko ngokubhekisele ekuzalweni okukhulu emhlabeni.
Ewe ngokunjalo. Asizifumani iingcinga ezintle kwiinoveli zakhe okanye kumabali, kodwa kunoko Izindululo zeengcinga ezincomekayo ezinikezelwa ngabalinganiswa abanokuzenzisa, kunye nophawu lobukho obumenza ukuba ahambe xa umbhali emjongana neziphumo ezibi "zomntu" nje. Kodwa ubabalo kukujolisa kuko konke oku ngenqaku lokuzonwabisa, ngamanye amaxesha uDante ahlekisayo.
Yiyo kanye ke le nto kunika umdla ukuqala kwiinyani zikaVoltaire. Ukucinga kwakhe kuba nobubele phakathi kwentshukumo kwaye phantsi kwaloo mbono wayethanda kumabali amaninzi ...
Iincwadi ezi-3 eziphezulu ezinconyelwe nguVoltaire
Umviwa okanye ithemba
Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo lo ngumsebenzi othi, ubukhulu becala, ubonise ukungenelela koncwadi ngokupheleleyo kombhali. Iziganeko ezizihambelayo kunye neempazamo, uburharha obuthi ngamanye amaxesha buthi gqi phakathi kokungathembi nto ngelifa lomntu kude kube lixesha likaVoltaire.
Kuphononongo lwayo olubanzi oluthandwayo kukuvela kwendalo yabalinganiswa, sihamba ngeziganeko ezinkulu zaseYurophu ngalo mzuzu. UCandido ubonakalisa ukuthanda, kokuthemba umntu.
Inyaniso ebuhlungu iyamsonga, njengovavanyo lokholo ajamelene nalo ukuphelelwa lithemba kwakhe kusoloko kumbethe ukuzingisa nokunyamezela. Phakathi kwezinto ezibuhlungu zempucuko yethu, uCandide uphela sele elukhanyiso oluyimfuneko ekunokuphinda alumeke kulo ihlabathi elintywiliselwe kubumnyama bendalo yalo ephoxayo.
Imibuzo kaZapata
Inkcazo yefilosofi evela kwilizwi lomlinganiswa ozibonakalisa kwisiloloquy iphela iyinjongo yokubalisa. Ngokwesiqhelo ukungathandabuzeki komlinganiswa kuza kufihlwe njengeevesi.
Nangakumbi ngombono wencwadana ilula njengale. Kodwa ke, kwimeko kaVoltaire, kunye neyona misebenzi ibanzi yoKhanya, amathandabuzo abonisa uZapata ngendlela emfutshane, ubuxoki obukhulu benkolo ethi, ebusweni bezona ndlela zisisiseko, iphele. eyeka ukuma.
Unyango ngokunyamezelana
Kwaye phambi kwelizwi elifutshane eliphuma kuZapata obuza imibuzo ngaphandle kokufumana iimpendulo, sifumana lo msebenzi oqinileyo ngoku obonakala ngathi uphehlelele ihuku kule Zapata ezele kukungaqiniseki. Kaloku apha izinto zicacile.
UZapata ngoku uba nguJean Calas, ongumProtestanti. Mhlawumbi yayiyenye indoda eyayigcwele imibuzo kwaye ekuphela kwempendulo yayo yayikukubulawa kwesishwankathelo. Kodwa ke ekubonakalisweni kwayo, uVoltaire wagqiba ukubhala lo mbhalo ukhala ngokuchasene nenkolo eyayisele iqala ukubonwa njengomnye wemithombo yokuqala yabo bonke ububi boluntu.
