Umbhali-mbali UJulian Casanova Ungomnye wabakhuthazi abakhulu bekamva lenkulungwane yama-XNUMX yaseYurophu kunye nenzondelelo enkulu eSpeyin kwangaloo nkulungwane. Kuyinyani ukuba ugqaliselo lwayo, masithi, lujonge kwimbali yoguqulo, olubhekiselele kwezo zidubedube zentlalo ezivela kwiintshukumo eziphantsi. Kodwa kukuba lonke utshintsho lwentlalo luvela kuloo ntlantsi yotshintsho olunyanzelweyo, lohlaselo lwamandla xa abantu abanamandla okwenza izinto gwenxa.
Ingongoma ikukuba imvukelo ayisoloko iphumelela. Maxa wambi iiriphabliki nohlaselo lwaluhlala lusenziwa kwiinzame yaye emva koko kwabakho ingcinezelo engakumbi. Kodwa imbali yokoyiswa ikwanceda ukugcina inkumbulo iphila, ngokuchanekileyo, ukuba ukungabikho kokusesikweni kuyaliwa. UJulián Casanova uhlangula kwaye ubhengeze ngesibheno esaneleyo sokuba ngumbhali othengiswa kakhulu ngaphandle kokujongana nentsomi yembali apho abanye ababhali besizukulwana sakhe, abafana UJose Luis CorralBafikelela kuzo zonke iindidi zabafundi. Abafundi abakufutshane neseti yebali elixutyiweyo elifana nentsomi enkulu yembali. Ezo ziseko zibhalwe ngokugqibeleleyo zikhatshwa yi-intrahistory ekwaziyo ukubeka iinyani ukuya kumlinganiselo omkhulu.
Kodwa iCasanova yanele kwaye ishiywe incasa yakhe yezincoko kunye nembali esekwe ngokwembali. Kuba imbali ngokwayo inika imincili kamsinya nje yakuba ikrwelwe kwaye ingasathethi ke xa umntu ofana noJulián Casanova etyhutyha i-dermis yeenyani kwaye asifake kwintlambo yezona ziganeko zidlulayo.
Iincwadi ezi-3 eziphezulu ezicetyiswayo nguJulián Casanova
ubundlobongela obungenakoyiswa
Kuqhelekile ukuba sisiva ukuba imiboniso yanamhlanje ibonakala isikwa kwilaphu elinye, ngokungathi ikhokelwa kwaye iphindaphindwa nguThixo uyayazi imidla efihlakeleyo. Mhlawumbi, mhlawumbi..., kwaye ke loo nto iya kufikelela esiphelweni...
Indlela entsha yokubonakalisa ubundlobongela, obuphindaphindiweyo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha obuqhubekayo, obusuka kwi-anarchist ubugrogrisi ukuya kwiimfazwe zokulandelelana eYugoslavia, zaphawula imbali yekhulu lama-XNUMX yaseYurophu ngegazi kunye nomlilo. Ubundlobongela bamathanga, ukuhlanjululwa kohlanga, ukutshatyalaliswa kohlanga, imfazwe nobundlobongela obuphathelele kwezesondo zigqama kulo, apho ababulali, ababulali nabadlwenguli bazenzela awabo amasiko okungcungcuthekisa nokubulala, esenziwa ngumntu ngamnye okanye ngokwamaqela, abonwa ngabaninzi ngakumbi, amaxhoba, amangqina kunye nabafundi bezaphuli-mthetho.
Kukho amabali amaninzi adibanayo kwaye adibana omnye nomnye, ukusuka eSpain ukuya eRussia, ukusuka eBaltic ukuya kwiMeditera, ukufumanisa ingqiqo yobundlobongela. Kwaye ekubaliseni ngeengcinga zogqatso kunye nesizwe, amaxesha entlekele aveliswa ziimfazwe kunye noqhanqalazo kunye neeprojekthi zokudibanisa ii-utopias zibalasele njengemisonto eqhelekileyo. Inkulungwane yobundlobongela obungenakoyiswa, kunye nezibazi ezibonakalayo okanye ezifihliweyo zokuxhela kunye nentshabalalo. Ixesha elidlulileyo elenziwe langoku, likhunjulwe, lilityelwe, lajongana nalo, licinezelwe.
ISpain yahlukana kubini
ISpain yahlulwe kubini ukusukela ngo-1936 kwiingcinga ezininzi ezinomkhuhlane. Into iya kusonjululwa ngokulula ukuba ezo ze-tricolor zinikezela ngombala wazo kwaye ezo zekhaka zinikezela ngesithuba sekhaka labo. Iflegi enye ebomvu, etyheli nebomvu kwaye yonke into isonjululwe. Kodwa ungquzulwano luyanceda kwaye amatyala akasebenzi nje ekuqokeleleni kodwa nasekulinganiseni nakuphi na uxolelwaniso olunokwenzeka.
Uluhlu lwamva nje lwembali yemfazwe yamakhaya yaseSpain yenziwe, ngaphezu kwayo yonke, yimisebenzi ekhethekileyo ejolise kubaphandi. Namhlanje kukho ukunqongophala kwee-syntheses ezifikelelekayo ezinokuzalisekisa umsebenzi owenziwe ngeencwadi ezinjengezo zikaGabriel Jackson okanye uHugh Thomas ngexesha lazo, ukuzisa imeko yangoku yolwazi kufutshane nomfundi oqhelekileyo, nto leyo ingxamisekileyo emva kokumbalwa. amashumi eminyaka apho uphando luye lwafaka isandla kwizinto eziqinisekileyo ezintsha kwaye luye lwaphelisa iintsomi zakudala.
Akukho mntu ulungele ukwenza lo msebenzi kunoNjingalwazi uJulián Casanova, unjingalwazi kwiYunivesithi yaseZaragoza, umbhali wengxelo enkulu yexesha -iRiphabliki kunye nemfazwe yamakhaya- kunye nezifundo zexabiso elinje Ukusukela kwisitrato ukuya ngaphambili, elidlulileyo , Icawa kaFranco okanye iYurophu ngokumelene neYurophu, 1914-1945. "Ibali elifutshane" lakhe elitsha ngokungathandabuzekiyo liya kwanelisa abafundi abaninzi beencwadi zakhe.
IYurophu ngokuchasene neYurophu, 1914-1945
Iingxabano azidalwanga kwaye azitshatyalaliswa, ziguqula kuphela, zitshintsha indawo. Namhlanje iimfazwe zikwenye indawo. Kodwa inkulungwane yama-XNUMX yayilixesha leemfazwe eYurophu. Kwadlula iminyaka engamashumi amabini ukusuka kwiMfazwe eNkulu ukuya kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. Kungquzulwano olukhulu ngalunye, iYurophu yaphoswa ebumnyameni beebhombu iminyaka emininzi ... Leyo yayiyenye ihlabathi, ngokungathandabuzekiyo, apho bonke abantu baseYurophu babenotshaba lokubulala.
IMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala, eyagqiba ngekamva leYurophu ngamandla, emva kwamashumi eminyaka yobungangamsha bezopolitiko kunye nediplomacy, ithathelwe ingqalelo ngababhali-mbali abaninzi njengowona mgca wokwahlulayo wembali yaseYurophu ngenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, ukuqhekeka okubuhlungu kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ekhoyo. .
UbuKomanisi kunye ne-fascism, ephuma kuloo mfazwe, yaba ziindlela zokuqala ezizezinye emva koko zaba zizibonda zokutsalela iinkcubabuchopho, izithuthi zezopolitiko ezininzi, iindawo zokuhlala zeenkokeli ezintsha ezithe, zisuka naphi na, ziqala ngaphandle komyalelo wakudala wobukhosi kunye nobukhosi, zacebisa ukuqhawuka okukhulu kunye elidlulileyo.
Intshabalalo kunye nezigidi zokufa okubangelwe yiMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala, utshintsho lwemida, ifuthe leNguquko yaseRashiya, kunye neengxaki zokuziqhelanisa nezigidi zabasemfazweni, ngakumbi kumazwe oyisiweyo, zisuka kwimvelaphi yobundlobongela. kunye nenkcubeko yongquzulwano eyaye yafakwa kwiindawo ezininzi zelo xesha lokuxhuzula.
Idibanisa ibali kunye nohlalutyo, le ncwadi iphonononga ngokweenkcukacha uhlaziyo lwaseRashiya kunye nokunyuka kwe-fascism, ukusilela kwedemokhrasi kunye nenkqubela phambili yolawulo, inkcubeko yongquzulwano, kunye neziphumo ezibe nazo zonke ezi kwilizwekazi elaphela ngo-1945 latshatyalaliswa kwaye laqhekeka. amawaka amaqhekeza.
