Uncwadi lwe UJoseph Heller wazalwa enalo itywina lokuqola lombhali sele ebuyile kuyo yonke into. Le yindlela umntu afumanisa ngayo kwingxelo yalo mbhali waseMelika a incasa yokunciphisa ukungabinangqondo, ukuhlekisa, ukugxekwa okungacocwanga. Akukho nto yakwenza nabanye abaqhubi beenqwelomoya ababalaseleyo abadluliselwe kuncwadi njenge Ugcino oluNgcwele o UJames salter Ekugqibeleni ugqithisile ngakumbi ngenxa yombono wakhe woncwadi njengentsimi yento enkulu kwaye ayisiyi-spittoon apho kufuneka ukhulule ubukrakra ngaphambi kokuba ubuyele emqaleni.
Kufuneka kubekho yonke into. Kusoloko kukho ixesha lolunye uhlobo loncwadi okanye olunye, olo lubalaseleyo okanye olo luhlekisa ngayo yonke into. Kumbono we-Heller ongaphezu kokungaqhelekanga, okhubazekileyo kukho ubunyani obukhohlakeleyo obudluliswa ngulo mbono womntu ongasalindelanga sisombululo okanye uphuculo kwaye uzinikela kuphela kuthumo lokubhenca iintsizi. Kungenxa yokuba enye into asikokunxibelelana nelitye lokusila kwaye enye kukuba nethuba okanye umnqweno wokubhala ngayo uqinisekile ngokunikela ngeyona ngcaciso iyimfuneko kwizazela ezibuthuntu.
Kufana nela lizwi lakudala elithi "umntu kwafuneka ayenze." Kuncwadi lwenkulungwane yama-20 yaseMelika, uHeller wazinika umsebenzi wokuqalisa ukubonisa iindawo ezingwevu zephupha laseMelika, eqinisekile ukuba iMelika idinga ummi ngamnye ukuba agcine ibhalansi engacingelwanga ngokuchanekileyo...
Iincwadana ezi-3 eziPhakanyisiweyo eziCetyiswayo nguJoseph Heller
Umgibe 22
Kwaye u-Heller wafika wabhala iklasikhi ... Ngokuqinisekileyo wayecinga ngokubhala into ebuhlungu yeentsuku zakhe phakathi kokukhanya kwemijukujelwa yomoya-phezulu, iibhombu kunye namaqanda angcwele abathumeli bezomkhosi ...
Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kwisibhedlele saseMelika kwisiqithi esincinci sase-Italiya, umqhubi webhombu ogama linguYossarian uzenza ngathi uyaphambana. Ufuna ukunqanda ukuphulukana nobomi bakhe ngazo zonke iindleko kwimishini yakhe elandelayo yomoya kwaye abuyele ekhaya. Kutheni le nto wonke umntu ezama ukumbulala phantsi? U-Yossarian uzama ukubonisa ukuba uyaphambana kodwa uwela kwi-"catch 22": ulawulo lomkhosi olungenangqondo kunye nolugwenxa oluchaza ukuba abo bathi bangenangqondo ukuphepha ukuya emfazweni banengqondo. Kwaye ukuba unengqondo, usempilweni, ngoko ... Awunakuzikhethela!
Yapapashwa okokuqala ngo-1961, iTrap 22 ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo yenye yezona zinto zihlekisayo kunye nezona zibhiyozelwayo zobugcisa ngalo lonke ixesha kunye nelitye lembombo lesiko laseMelika lokubhala, elithe lafumana uluhlu lweencwadi ezilungileyo zekhulu lama-XNUMX. Umfundi uya kungena ngaphakathi kwimeko engenangqondo kunye neencoko zobuqhetseba ezibonisa ubuyatha bemfazwe nobomntu. Kwaye ngaba "sihogo sikhona, kwaye sihlala singabo," utshilo uLaura Fernández kwisandulela. Ukuba ndiza kuchaza isihogo, bekuya kuba yinto ehlekisayo. Kuba yindlela elihlekisa ngayo ilizwe. […] Olu luntu luzame ukufunda okuthile ngalo. "
Kukho into eyenzekileyo
Ngaphambili kwako konke ukugxekwa kweasidi, kuyo yonke iminqweno yokuhlekisa okanye ukwenza intlekisa, sihlala sikufumana ukunganyaniseki kombalisi osemsebenzini kwiinzame zakhe zokucacisa ukuba yintoni le isishukumisela ukuba sikhubeke siphindaphinde ngeendlela zethu, izakhiwo kunye netyala .. Impumelelo kwezentlalo yeyona njongo imbi kuluntu lwanamhlanje olugcwele ububi. Eli libali lokophuka.
UBob Slocum yindoda enomona. Ulawulayo kwaye uphumelele, unomfazi onomtsalane kunye nabantwana abathathu, "umhlobo" kwaye, ngenxa yesikhundla sakhe, i-harem ebhadulayo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho into eyenzekileyo. Ithuba lokuhliswa kwisikhundla sakhe solawulo, uloyiko lokungafiki kwinqanaba eliphezulu apho kuthathwa khona izigqibo, kunye nentiyo yabaphathi bakhe, exutywe nokwaphuka kobomi bosapho, ibangela ukubandezeleka okungapheliyo eSlocum.
Umzobo womzobi okwishumi elivisayo, mdala
Yayingeyonto yobuqu, uJames Joyce. Umncedisi angathatha iDorian Grey njengesalathiso. Into yayikukuhlangula elo nqaku lokugqitha komsebenzi ovula malunga nobugcisa kunye nentsingiselo okanye imithombo yawo. Umzobo woLutsha, uMzobi waDala yinto ehamba phambili nenomdla engqondweni yomculi obonakalisa ngobomi bakhe ekukhangeleni umthombo wenkuthazo. Ujongo olukhethekileyo, olushukumisayo kunye noluthandekayo kubuchule bokuyila, ngawo onke amaxesha alo okuba nethemba lokungazithembi kunye nokudana okubuhlungu.
U-Eugene Pota, umbhali wenoveli ozithandayo IsiGrike Ube ligorha, i-icon yenkcubeko enkosi kwinoveli yakhe yokuqala, ufuna ingxoxo ngomsebenzi wakhe oqinisekileyo xa ebona ukuba imihla yakhe isondele. Inoveli yokuqala yaphawula umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala. Ukususela ngelo xesha ukuya phambili, wonke umsebenzi wakhe wasasazwa ngocoselelo ngabagxeki, kwaye, ngaphandle kwempumelelo yexeshana, yathathwa njengonqongopheleyo.
Ekufuneni kwakhe iyelenqe uguqukela kumfazi wakhe, iarhente yakhe, umhleli wakhe, izithandwa zakhe zangaphambili, nkqu nogqirha wakhe. Wonke umntu umphathela iingcamango, kodwa akukho nanye kuzo eyeyiselayo, ukusa kwinqanaba lokutsalwa phantsi kukuphoxeka. Kumzabalazo wakhe ongaphumliyo ngokuphefumlelwa, uPota, "alter ego" ka IsiGrike, ungena "kwicandelo elibuhlungu" lobomi bababhali abanjengoScott Fitzgerald, uHenry James, uJack London noJoseph Conrad; Ingxubakaxaka yempumelelo yokuqala yabenza ukuba bangayifumani kamva emsebenzini wakhe. Ngendlela, phakathi kobomi bakhe bobomi kunye nesiqalo sakhe esasilelayo senoveli, uhlawula imbeko kubabhali ababathandayo; phakathi kwabanye, UMark Twain, uFranz Kafka noJames Joyce ngesihloko. Umzobo wolutsha olufikisayo, indala ibingumbali wokugqibela ka UJoseph Heller.
