Iincwadi ezi-3 ezilungileyo kakhulu nguHenry Kamen

Kukho iintsuku ezingaqhelekanga zokusebenza njenge-Hispanicist eyaziwayo. Kwaye ngaphandle koku, abafana bayathanda UPaul preston, UIan Gibson o UHenry kamen Banyanzelisa ukuba baqhubeke nokugxila kwibali, ukuba belilelinye ilifa elithambekele kubuxoki, intsomi emnyama okanye inzala ye-ethnocentric, inokugqibela iphazanyiswe ngokupheleleyo.

Kodwa inyani ihlala igqitha. Kungenxa yokuba ngaphaya kwamabali anomdla, ukuthanda okulula kwegumbi lokulala elingenelelayo, kunye nemimoya edikidiki ebusweni beentsomi ezithandekayo zabona bantu bazoyikisayo, akukho nto ingaphaya koko kwenzekileyo ngaphandle kwazo zonke.

Kwimeko UIan Gibson, ukuthanda kwakhe inkcubeko yaseSpain kunye namabali kugxila ngakumbi kuncwadi, kubugcisa, kweso sixa se-intrahistories ezenza umfanekiso oqaqambileyo wento yaseSpain. UPaul preston Ihamba ngaphezulu kwimbali yakutshanje, ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ihlala ikhanyisa ukugxila kwimfazwe yamakhaya. Yintoni ye UHenry kamen uba ngumbhali-mbali ochasene nobuxoki. Ukugqithiswa ngokungqongqo kunye namaxwebhu, uKamen utshabalalisa iingcamango kunye neenkohliso zabathiyile abanqwenela into engento.

Iincwadi ezi-3 eziphezulu eziCetyiswayo nguHenry Kamen

ISpain kunye neCatalonia

Ukukhwela kakhulu, ukukhwela kakhulu. Ngaphandle kweeflat-earther, iingcamango ezivela kumazwe asekhaya amatsha kunye nabanye, abanakho ukuhambisa umbono wokuba iCatalonia yayisisiqithi saseBarataria esathenjiswa kuSancho (njengeequixotes ezintsha (ukwenza izinto zibe mbi ngakumbi kwi-Hispanicity), ekuphela kwento eqinisekileyo kukuba ikamva elihambelanayo leCatalonia nabanye abantu belo lizwe babumbana ekugqibeleni phantsi kwengcinga yaseSpain, kuphela kobu bungqina.

Kule ncwadi, i-Hispanist enkulu uHenry Kamen uveza ngokucacileyo ubudlelwane bezembali phakathi kweSpain kunye nenye yeeyunithi zayo, iCatalonia, egxile kwiziganeko ezenzeka ngo-1714 kunye neentsomi ezenziweyo malunga nabo. Kungenxa yokuba, kuyo yonke imbali yayo, iCatalonia ibilixhoba leenkqubo ezithile zokuchazwa kweenkcukacha ezikhuthazwa ngabo bakhetha ukungazami ukwenza iinzame zokuqonda eyadlulayo, ethe yagqwethwa ngendlela efanelekileyo ziingcinga, ezopolitiko kunye neentatheli ezihlala zisekela iintetho zazo kulwazi. inokuthenjwa kakhulu.

I-Kamen, iCatalonia ayizange ichithwe okanye icuthwe emva koSeptemba 11, 1714 - ikhulu lesithathu leminyaka ikhunjulwa ngoku - kodwa endaweni yoko yaqhubeka ingumbuso obalulekileyo, ochumileyo nohlumayo, owona mmandla usisityebi eSpain. Yile ndlela ayichaza ngayo kula maphepha kwaye ke uyabakhumbula abo baphulukana neenkulungwane ezintathu ezidlulileyo, amadoda abelana ngexabiso elifanayo nesininzi samaCatalan namhlanje: inkolelo kubunye beSpain, kodwa nakwintsingiselo kunye nomlinganiswa othile yabantu baseCatalan.

ISpain kunye neCatalonia

Ukuyilwa kweSpain:

Ukuba sifumana ubumnandi obungakumbi, yonke into iyimveliso, indibano ukusukela oko ubunzima bePangea busasazeka phakathi kwamanzi omhlaba. Okunye ngumcimbi wentando, imbali, umbono, umdla... ngakumbi imbono yesizwe. Okungakumbi ngumbono waseSpain, owenziwe njengeqela labantu.

Izizwe azizalwanga: ziyavela kwaye ziyadalwa, zivela kwimizabalazo kunye nethemba kwaye ziyaqhubeka zibulela kwinkalipho yabantu bazo. Ngokwenyani yokwenyani, "zenziwe", kwaye kungengenxa yokuba ziphefumlelwe bubuxoki, kodwa ngenxa yokuba zinqwenela inyani, kuba bekusoloko kukho ezinye iindlela eziphikisanayo nezingqubanayo ezinegalelo ekudaleni ilizwe.

Le ncwadi kukuhlalutya ezinye zeembono ezizezinye eziye zanceda ekuhambeni kwexesha ukubona kwethu iSpain. Imibono ihlala ikhuthazwa ziingcinga kunye nokugqwetha okunokuthi kuhamba kunye nabo, ekufuneka kuqondwe kwaye kuchazwe, endaweni yokwaliwa.

Ukuyilwa kweSpain

I-King King kunye nezinye iimfihlakalo zobukhosi baseSpain

I-popularizer nganye yezembali ihlala ifumana isimilo sayo esikhethekileyo, ekuya kuthi kufunyanwe ukuba iphantse ibe yinto engathandekiyo, inomdla wokutyhila zonke ii-nooks kunye neekhenani de ihlangule inyani ethembekileyo. Kwimeko kaHenry Kamen, uCharles II ubonakala enjalo.

Iziganeko ezininzi zexesha elidlulileyo zijikelezwe yimfihlakalo kunye nomlingo. Akukho ngcaciso ibhaliweyo kubo kwaye behle beza kuthi besongelwe kwi-halo yentsomi. Kule ncwadi, i-Hispanist enkulu uHenry Kamen usityhilela ngendlela emnandi kakhulu inyani enokubangela iintsomi ezininzi kunye neenyaniso ezingachazekiyo ezenzeka eSpain ngexesha lobudala begolide boBukhosi:

Kutheni le nto iNkundla yokuNcina amakholwa yaseSpain yazuza igama njengeziko eloyikisayo ngelixa imisebenzi yayo ibingeyonto yoyikekayo njengakwamanye amazwe? Kutheni le nto uCharles II, ikumkani yokugqibela yasebukhosini baseHabsburg, ephela esaziwa ngokuba "uthakathiwe"? Ngubani owayengukumkani ophambeneyo?

Ukumkani ophambeneyo
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Inqaku eli-1 malunga "Ezona ncwadi zi-3 zibalaseleyo nguHenry Kamen"

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