Iwo matatu mabhuku akanakisa naJosé Ortega y Gasset

Imwe yekubudirira kukuru kweiyo muzivi mukuru Jose Ortega naGasset Zvakanga zviri zvekuti ini ndipe pfungwa nguva zhinji kuchinjirwa kwehuzivi kune idiosyncrasy yemhoteredzo yemunhu. Kuisa uzivi sechinhu chinobatika chinokanganisa chinogona kufambisa basa rekufunga, rekufunga, rekuyedza kubata huchenjeri, asi pakupedzisira rinoshaya akakosha nuances. Mubhuku rake guruDon Quixote Kufungisisa", izvi anobatsira mudzidzi we Hegel anoongorora mukati meye metavision iri padyo nemonad iyo kwakazvarwa kuziva kweiye munhu, kwakagadzirwa kuSpain, mune iyi nyaya.

Ichokwadi zvakare kuti zvido zvefilosofi kune zvematongerwo enyika, muzana ramakumi maviri ramakore umo kutsvaga kwevanofunga pane chero kumberi kwaive kwakakosha, kwakatungamira kuchinjiso kwehungwaru kwakakomberedza zvido zvemagariro zvakanangana nenzvimbo imwe neimwe.

Wakange usisiri iwo mubvunzo wekuwandisa mune epistemology yakanyanyisa, asi panzvimbo pekutsvaga hwaro hwekutungamira shanduko yemagariro kuenda kumatanho uko hunhu, mutemo, pfungwa uye chero chimwe chinhu chakakanganisa nzanga yese mukuchinja kusingagumi pakati makakatanwa akabatanidzwa, matambudziko akadzika uye akasiyana.

Kuzvipira kwemuzivi semunhu anofunga akasununguka nguva dzose kunoguma kwave kunetsana nezvido zvenhema zvemuzana remakore rechi20 zvematongerwo enyika zvichiri kuzvipira kudzidziso.

Mukushushikana kweSpain kweRepublic kana kunyangwe pakutanga kwehondo yevagari vemo, Ortega y Gasset haana kubvumirana nemafambisirwo erimwe kana rimwe divi raitsvaga mukurumbira wekubvumidzwa kwaro kururamisa kwezvimwe zvinangwa, uye nekudaro vakapedzisira vatarisana. kutapwa kwakadzokororwa mune dzimwe nhambo kudzamara kudzoka kwake kwekupedzisira kuSpain nguva pfupi asati afa.

In the rakakura bhuku reOrtega y Gasset Tinogona kuwana mabhuku pane mamwe magariro uzivi hweSpain neEurope yezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri zvakava nezvinetso zvakashata zvemifungo, asi isu zvakare tinoona iwo mavhoriyamu efirosofi yakachena inoongorora nekuverenga mafomula evamwe vafungi vakuru munhoroondo. Kunyangwe iwo pfungwa dzimwe nguva dzakakomba, rondedzero yaOrtega y Gasset inobvumidza zvirinani kuwana kune iwo munda wemazano unogara uri uzivi.

Mabhuku matatu epamusoro anokurudzirwa naOrtega y Gasset

Don Quixote Kufungisisa

Wese munyori, wese anofunga anowana mumabhuku ake ekutanga hwaro hwezvaakazonyora. Iyo yekutanga firimu yemuzivi kuzivisa kwezvinangwa zvinogona kuvandudzwa kana kupedzisira zvaraswa.

Izvo ndezve kusimudza chinyorwa, kutsvaga zvinokwanisika antitheses kwehupenyu hwese uye nekusiya synthesis kune avo vese vanosvika kuzere kwebasa. Mubhuku rino tinowana iko kusanganiswa pakati pehunyanzvi neSpanish idiosyncrasy iyo yandakambotaura kare.

Basa renyika repasi rose iro riri Don Quixote rinounganidza mufananidzo unodikanwa pamaonero epasi kubva kuIberian peninsula uye kana akapfuma Don Quixote (uyo anoratidzika akagwadama pamubhedha wake mumashure ekupedzisira) anogona kufumura zviri pasi izvo zvaAnobata mazano sekugona kujekeswa nezve hupenyu uye ramangwana reEuropean uye budiriro yedu, uhu hunenge huri humbowo hwake. Panotangira pekutanga parwendo kugadzirisa zvaakanyora Ortega y Gasset.

Chimurenga cheruzhinji

Chero bhuku rinotaura nezve zvemagariro uye zvimwe kana zvishoma nemaune zvematongerwo enyika (uye zvakatonyanya kudaro muzana ramakumi maviri rematambudziko) rinoguma richiedza kuyananisa neyakaitika kana bato.

Chimwe chinhu chakaita seichi chakaitika nebhuku rino pamusoro pekukodzera kwemunhu uye mashandiro evazhinji semapoka akasiyana-siyana uye anoruramiswa zviri nyore. Kuratidzwa kwevanhu pakati pezana remakore rechi20 senzvimbo yakagoverwa kumabasa evanhu, kukunda kutsamira kubva kare, asi kugadzira voids itsva inogona kugadziriswa nyore nyore kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa muhuwandu inosvikirwa seimwe yematambudziko makuru.

Dambudziko rakagadziriswa mubhuku rino kubva pamaonero aro ekushanduka-shanduka umo mhinduro dzinotsvagwa kana kuti izvo zvinoshomeka zvinoratidzwa, zvisingawanzo kutariswa nemunhu iyeye, anokwanisa kutora ramangwana rakapfuma kana rakapfava nekuzvitonga kuzere.

Hunyanzvi hunodiwa kubva kuRevolution yeindasitiri uye zvakakwenenzverwa munzvimbo dzese dzekusimudzira magariro dzinogona kuzadza huvepo, zvese zvinoonekwa pasi pechirevo cheruzivo rwusina kunyatso kuchinjika kune inosvikika zvinhu zvepfungwa.

Kusaziva mupfupi inzvimbo yakakosha yekumukira yekumukira kwevanhu vazhinji, yakanangiswa kubva kumusoro kwepiramidhi rekufunga rinotungamira iro gwanza rakaputirwa, iro rekuvapo kupfuura kuzvipira kana kuda pfuma kwakatsigira zvakakosha.

Invertebrate Spain

Izvo hazvitomborwadzi, mazuva ano, kuswedera kubhuku iri naOrtega y Gasset uyo anotsanangura kumisikidzwa kweSpain kubva kumagariro maonero. Pfungwa yakaumbwa naOrtega y Gasset yechikonzero chenhoroondo inowana chinhu chakazara kwazvo mubhuku rino.

Hunhu hwemunhu wega wega weiyi peninsula yekare haigone kutorwa sechinhu chayo. Izvo zvakasiyana-siyana zvebudiriro zvinomiririra kukanganisa kwechero pfungwa yeSpanish (chimwe chinhu icho, nenzira, chinoitika chero kupi munyika chakapinda uye chakasimuka kubva kune imwe budiriro kuenda kune imwe)

Iyo poindi ndeyekuti chete enhoroondo mafambiro anokwanisa kutsigira kwakakura kana kushoma kuumbwa kwenyika. Kubva kune yepasirese pasirese kune iyo chaiyo yeSpain, munyori anotaurisa iyi yese nhoroondo yakafambiswa nemahara, mavara akatorwa sezviratidzo, kusanzwisisika kwekutarisa kwese kwakaparadzaniswa kuenda mukupararira kwechirevo cheiyo inogara iri yekumba nyika inopa. dziviriro isingawanzopedzisira yagamuchirwa zvakanaka uye inogona kududzirwa zviri nyore mune chero zviitiko zvekare zvakaitika kubva kuPyrenees kuenda kuStrait yeGibraltar (kumusha)