Ndozvazviri. Chimiro chemunhu chinokwanisa kumonyorora, kukanganisa uye kukanganisa chero chakanakira chinoiswa pamberi pacho. Nekuti uchandiudza chingave chakaipa, kubva pakutanga, nehurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hwakafanana necommunism inongoratidza kuenzana, kubata pakati pevakaenzana pasina kirasi kana mamiriro. utopia ye Marx uye kumutswa kwedimikira kwezvizhinji zverondedzero ya George Orwell...
Asi zvakazoitika kuti communism yakanga yakapesana. Sezvo Def Con Dos akaimba kumashure mumakore makumi mapfumbamwe "Asi ndiani akashandura hurukuro dzaLenin?" Kubva pamazwi ake ane acidic anonongedza kushandurudzo yemahara yaStalin yaakazopedzisira aita yecommunism: muunganidzwa, hutongi hwejekerere uye hudzvanyiriri.
Zvichave kuti isu hatina mhinduro nekuti mhinduro, isingadzoreki capitalism, iyo liberalism yakatakura masirogani akafanana asina chinhu ayo communism yakaratidza. Mafungiro enhema uye nzanga dzekugara zvakanaka dzinotanga kubva muukuru hwenhema uye musiyano unowedzera unoonekwa pakati pemapoka akapfuma nevashandi vemumigwagwa.
Asi hey, rega ndikwire pamuzambiringa. Nhasi yave nguva yekutaura pamusoro peiyo communism yakagadzirwa-ye-kuyera, yakatumwa kubva kune vasoni vanokwanisa kupfekedza hudzvanyiriri mune mutsa, nyika dzisina kugadzikana kune vavanonamata navo. Uye Anna Applebaum anoziva zvakawanda pamusoro peizvi zvese, achinongedza kune izvo zvisaririra zvechikomunisti chakashata, sekutaura kwangu, hapana chine chekuita nedzidziso, iyo nanhasi inotonga pakati peRussia, China uye yakapararira muganhu wekumabvazuva uko nanhasi chidzitiro chesimbi chinoita senge. kumira izvo dzimwe nguva zvinotyisidzira kuwira pamusoro pedu tose nenzira yeHondo Yenyika III.
Mabhuku matatu Epamusoro Anokurudzirwa naAnne Applebaum
Gulag: Nhoroondo yemisasa yevasungwa yeSoviet
Kupokana nguva dzose kwakashata. Uye kuparadzirwa kwedzidziso yake hakuna chimwe chinhu kunze kwekumutsa vanhu vanofanirwa kuisa mukati memisimboti yehutongi hwakakwana secommunism. Nekuti pasi peamburera yecommunism, nzanga inonongedza kune yakanaka yebudiriro, kuenzana uye hukama husina kumboitwa neimwe nzira.
El gulag inoonekwa mukuziva kweWest muna 1977 nekudhindwa kwebasa re Alexander Solzhenitsyn Archipelago gulag. Zvichienderana nezvidzidzo zvitsva, memoirs dzakaburitswa mushure mekudonha kweUSSR uye mamwe mafaera akavanzika kusvika zvino, Anne Applebaum anoita nhoroondo yekuvaka patsva kwekwakabva uye kushanduka kwemisasa yevasungwa yeSoviet inodzosera chiitiko ichi chisingafadzi uye chisingakanganwike pakati penhoroondo ine dutu. zana remakore rechimakumi maviri rinovhiringidza. Neruzivo uye nemazvo tinopupurira hupenyu hwezuva nezuva mumusasa: kuzvicheka-cheka kudzivirira basa rekumanikidza, michato pakati pevasungwa, hupenyu hwevakadzi nevana, kumukira uye kuedza kutiza.
Bhuku racho, rakanyorwa uye rakasimba, rinotsigira kuti gulag Yakazvarwa kwete chete nekuda kwekuparadzanisa zvinhu izvo Bato reCommunist raiona sevavengi, asiwo kuwana, panguva imwecheteyo, mhomho yevaranda-vashandi vaizoshanda mukutsinhana chikafu mumapurojekiti makuru akadai seWhite. Gungwa Canal kana migodhi kubva kuKolyma. Mushure mekutsanangura kutyisa kwakarongwa nehutongi hweSoviet, bhuku rinorondedzera kuti Gorbachev, uyo mhuri yake yakakanganiswa zvakananga nemutemo wehudzvanyiriri uyu, akasarudza kugumisa hutongi hwejeri kuburikidza nekusunungura vagari vemo kubva kune imwe yehuipi hwakanyanya uye hune hutsinye hwehudzvanyiriri hunozivikanwa pasi rose. .
The Twilight of Democracy: The Seduction of Authoritarianism
Kusagadzikana kunoparadza nyika zvakanyanya kupfuura nakare kose iko zvino. Nekuti mukuwedzera kune iyo pfungwa isina tariro yeramangwana, chinhu chiri chose chinoronga kutiita kuti tinyanye kuipa munzvimbo dzedu. Kutsvaga paInternet uye masocial network zvinoenderana nenyika yatinoda kuona… ivhu rakakwana rekuberekesa rekukundwa nemafungiro ekare eruvara rumwe kana rumwe. Inguva yekumbundira chimwe chinhu; batirira pachipikiri chinopfuta icho chinotipa chiedza chinokwanisa kutipofumadza nekujeka kwacho. Chero bedzi iwe uchizvirega iwe uchienda, uchiisa parutivi kushoma kutsoropodza pfungwa, iwe unogona kuzvipa iwe kune yakanyanya kusatarisirwa chikonzero.
Iyo yakasununguka demokrasi yeMadokero yakakombwa uye kusimuka kwe authoritarianism Inyaya inofanira kutinetsa tose. Muna The Twilight of Democracy, Anne Applebaum -pulitzer mubairo uye mumwe wevanyori venhoroondo dzokutanga kunyevera nezvemaitiro ane ngozi asina demokrasi kuMadokero - zvakajeka uye muchidimbu zvinofumura misungo ye urudzi uye autocracy uye anotsanangura chikonzero nei hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika nemashoko akapfava uye akadzama anoyevedza.
ari vatungamiri vadzvinyiriri havauye pamasimba voga, asi vanozviita vachitsigirwa nevatsigiri vavo vezvematongerwo enyika, uto revakuru vakuru nevezvenhau zvinovagadzirira nzira nekutsigira basa ravo. Pamusoro pezvo, mapato ezvematongerwo enyika uye ane masimba anga achiwana kukosha mu hutongi hwejekerere zvinopa tarisiro dzinobatsira chete vatsigiri vavo, zvichiita kuti vakwire kusvika kune yakakwirira isingaenzaniswi yepfuma nesimba.
Kutevera mutsoka dze Julien Chinhu y Hannah Arendt, Applebaum inoratidzira vadziviriri vatsva vepfungwa dzisiri dzepasirese uye inoshora mashandisiro anoita uhu hutongi hwepamusoro hunoshandisa Dzidziso dzekuranganala zvematongerwo enyika polarization, kunosvika kunotyisa kwemasocial network, uye kunyangwe manzwiro ekuda kuparadza zvese nekutsanangura patsva pfungwa yedu yerudzi.
Mademocracy emazuva ano ekumadokero akakombwa uye kusimuka kwehudzvanyiriri inyaya inofanirwa kutinetsa tose. On Kuderera kwedemocracy, Anne Applebaum (Muhwina wePulitzer Prize uye mumwe wevanyori venhoroondo vekutanga kunyevera nezvengozi dzekupokana nedemocracy kuMadokero) anoburitsa pachena uye nekupfupikisa misungo yeurudzi uye hutongi hwejekerere. Muchinyorwa chino chinoshamisa, anotsanangura kuti sei masisitimu ane mameseji akareruka uye akadzama achikwezva kudaro.
Vatungamiriri vanodzvinyirira havauye pamasimba voga; Vanoita izvi vachitsigirwa nevatsigiri vezvematongerwo enyika, mauto evakuru vakuru uye vezvenhau zvinovagadzirira nzira uye vanotsigira mabasa avo. Saizvozvowo, mapato ezvematongerwo enyika neane masimba anga achiwana kukosha muutongi hwezvido zvevanhu vemazuva ano anopa maonero anongobatsira vatsigiri vawo, achivabvumira kusvika pamwero usingaenzaniswi weupfumi nesimba.
Ichitevera tsoka dzaJulien Benda naHannah Arendt, Applebaum inoratidzira vadziviriri vatsva vepfungwa dzisiri dzakashata uye inoshoropodza mashandisiro anoita vanhu vane masimba masimba ava dzidziso dzekurangana, kupolarization yezvematongerwo enyika, kusvika kunotyisa kwesocial network uye kunyangwe manzwiro ekuda kuparadza zvese uye kutsanangura patsva. pfungwa yedu yenyika.
Kuverenga zvine hunyanzvi, uye nekukurumidza uye kwakakosha kuverenga, Kuderera kwedemocracy ndiko kuongorora kwakadzama kwakadzama kwekudengenyeka kwenyika kuri kuzunguza nyika uye nekudzivirira kweshungu kwehunhu hwegutsaruzhinji.
Iron Curtain: Kuparadzwa kweEastern Europe 1944-1956
Tese tine manzwiro ekuti Madokero anga achidyisa chikara pasi pepfungwa yekuti haakwanise kana kunyepedzera kutidya seChikara. Nhasi Putin anomutsa zvipoko zvekare zvehondo dzinotonhora izvo zvakare zvine madhasi ekutarisana nemaoko. Uye chikara chinoda zvese. Putin akagadzirira chero chinhu, kunyange kufambisa keteni resimbi kusvikira yavhara yose yeEurope. Kubva muhupfu idzo madhaka aya. Ngatitorei maonero ekutarisa pane zvatinofanira kurarama nazvo nhasi neRussia ino inotongwa nevadyi venhaka yeUSSR.
Pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II, Soviet Union yakadzora nzvimbo huru muEastern Europe. Stalin nemapurisa ake epachivande vakatanga kutendeutsa nyika gumi nembiri dzakasiyana siyana kuita hurongwa hutsva hwezvematongerwo enyika nehutsika: communism.
Munyori wenhau dzakaitika Anne Applebaum (uyo akahwina Mubairo wePulitzer weGulag) anopa mumapeji aya basa rechokwadi rokuti Iron Curtain yakavapo sei uye kuti upenyu hwakanga hwakaita sei kune rimwe divi. Applebaum inotsanangura nenzira inotyisa kuti mapato ezvematongerwo enyika, Chechi, nhepfenyuro, masangano evechidiki, muchidimbu, masangano ose emasangano evanhu, akakurumidza kubviswa. Inotsanangura kuti mapurisa epachivande akanga akarongwa sei uye kuti marudzi ose okupikisa akarwiswa uye akaparadzwa sei. Somugumisiro, munguva pfupi inoshamisa, Eastern Europe yakasimbiswa zvachose. Kubva pamagwaro asingasvikike kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika uye masosi asingazivikanwe kuMadokero, Applebaum inotevera maitiro emakomunisiti munzira yavo yekuenda kumasimba, kutyisidzira, kushungurudzwa uye kuponda. Inorondedzerawo nyaya dzega dzega kuratidza sarudzo dzakaunzwa kuvanhu: kurwa, kutiza kana kubatana.
The Iron Curtain inyaya inokatyamadza yenguva yehutsinye uye chiyeuchidzo chinoshungurudza chekuti nzanga dzakasununguka hadzina kusimba. Nhasi Soviet bloc ibudiriro yakarasika, iyo hutsinye, paranoia, tsika dzakashata uye aesthetics inoshamisa inokwanisa kutora Applebaun mumapeji anonakidza ebhuku rino.
